Capsicum annuum L. belongs to the genus Solanaceae. It is an annual herbaceous plant in temperate regions and a perennial shrub in the tropics. Originated from China and the US Chau arrived in China around the end of the Ming Dynasty and has had more than 300 years of cultivation history. Pepper is widely cultivated in China, and the south is mainly cultivated in spicy type, while in the north it is planted. The main type of pepper. The nutritional value of pepper is high, especially the vitamin content is higher than other vegetables. Its spicy taste is moderate, it can increase appetite and help digestion. It can be eaten in a variety of ways. It can be eaten raw, hot, marinated, or processed into chili powder, chilli sauce, chili oil, etc. Dried chili is an important foreign trade One of the export products. Therefore, the cultivation area of ​​pepper is getting bigger and bigger. Odorless color, a few light purple, composed of 5 to 7 petals, stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 7, neatly arranged around the pistil. Anthers and filaments are light purple Color, stigma and stamen anthers close, the general variety of stamens and stigma are as long as or slightly longer, and there are also a few sweet pepper stigmas longer than stamen anthers. This kind of variety Natural outcrossing rate is high. When the petals of peppers are opened, the anthers crack. Pollen is immediately dispersed. The chrysanthemum flowering sequence is centered on the first flower. Concentric circular styles open layer by layer, so proceed from the bottom up. Under normal conditions, the development of flower buds changes from green to white and green to white. When petals are significantly longer than sepals, the buds are open. The flowers are mostly open from 6 to 10 in the morning. Usually a flower flowering period takes 2 to 3 days, first flowering, post-cracking After pollen, a large amount of pollen was dispersed. Pepper pistil is late. The style of pepper is short, and the pollen tube reaches the ovary only 6 to 12 hours after pollination. The optimum temperature for pollen germination The degree is 20~26°C, among which sweet pepper type pollen has a low germination temperature, and the spicy type pollen germination temperature is slightly higher. Robust and strong, to ensure that the ridge is the key to high yield before the arrival of the hot season, timely removal of the first branch of the main stem below the first flower, pay attention to earth, prevent disease Insect pests. In the early stage, the plant type, leaf type, leaf color, first fruiting node, young fruit color, disease resistance, etc., were selected to meet the standard of the original variety, and the eliminated strain was selected. , Diseased plants; In the fruit ripening period, the main choice of plant growth type, disease resistance, fruit size, fruit shape, fruit color, fruit stem orientation, different levels Fruit uniformity, fruit ventricular volume, fruit set rate, etc. are in line with the original varieties of plants; in the red fruit ripening stage, the main choice of ripeness, disease resistance, fruit The actual size, fruit color, and number of ventricles are consistent with the characteristics of the original varieties of plants and fruit retention. A flower or fruit to promote the development of pepper, and can fully develop the upper seed pepper, improve the yield and quality of seeds. When the kind of pepper is basically red, you can separate Harvested. After the fruit is harvested, it is not necessary to be ripened after being ripened. It is possible to cut the seeds directly, and after cutting the peppers and taking out the seeds, they should be placed on a mat or nylon yarn in a ventilated place to dry them. Do not expose to sunlight in concrete or metal dish, otherwise it will seriously affect the germination rate and color of seeds and reduce the quality of seeds. The seed after cutting off does not have to be After washing with water, the seeds after washing and drying are mostly white-gray, and the seeds are not easy to dry and are likely to be mildewed when it is cloudy. The usual practice is : Drying together with the placenta, when the placenta is fully dry, wipe it with a wooden board in the drying tray to separate the seeds from the placenta, then sieving, and sifting out the seeds. The method of seeds is mainly artificial hybrid seed production and male sterile seed production. Condition, temperature, humidity conditions, plant and bud size, pollination time, etc. are closely related. Not suitable for pollen germination. The relative humidity of the air is 55% to 75%. Below 40% or above 90% is not favorable for pollination results. The hybridization period should be focused on 18~30°C suitable season. Artificial hybrids are suitable for open field seed production in Sanya City, Hainan, from mid-November to mid-December; Pollination is appropriate from early to early June; the Yellow River valley is suitable for pollination from late May to late June. Good light, normal photosynthesis. Sanya and other places in Hainan Island from September to April, the temperature is suitable, adequate light, is the ideal hybrid seed production Ground. The colony grows and removes the "Jian Pepper" and "Jiao Pepper" fruit and fruit promptly, which causes the plant to increase the number of branches, thus concentrating the flowering period and shortening the pollination period. The release of powder started when the daily temperature increased and the humidity decreased. Under normal circumstances, can be emasculated after 6 to 10 o'clock in the morning or after 3 o'clock in the afternoon, try to avoid No high temperature influence at noon. , to be isolated from other species more than 500 meters. Leave it dry on a clean, waxed paper (see section Drying for details). Prepare for the second or same day pollination. Extra flower after pollination on the same day The powder can be stored under conditions of relative humidity of about 75% and temperature of 4 to 5°C. Detached and pollinated the next morning. Apply a special pollinator or rubber head to dip the pollen gently onto the stigma of the detached flower, or insert the stigma In pollination tube pollen stained, the amount of pollen to be applied is sufficient, the larger the area of ​​the stigma contacting the pollen, and the uniform distribution of the pollen on the stigma, the knot of the hybrid fruit. More seeds. General cross-pollination, every 666.7 square meters (mu) of the system of farming (maternal) in flowering period needs 10 to 15 people every day, pollinating for 1 month, can be based on This is done. The fruit should be removed immediately. This work must be repeated several times to ensure that the hybrid fruit has sufficient nutrient supply and the fullness of seeds in the fruit is increased. Add a thousand grain weight to avoid false hybrids. If it is grown in a greenhouse, it is generally necessary to put it in order to prevent lodging. For ripening, when the pepper is fully cooked, only the labeled fruit must be harvested, and the unmarked and the fruits with marked but abnormal development should be eliminated. When harvesting , Red cooked a batch of harvested. Generally every 3 to 4 days. At the same time grab a sunny day, promptly dissect and dry in time. Stamens with normal stamen development and high combining ability (or inbred lines) were used as male parents to directly pollinate to produce a hybrid seed. Check to remove the plants with normal stamens and pollen as early as possible so as not to produce self-seeded seeds.
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First, the growth and development characteristics associated with the multiplication of pepper is often out-crossed vegetables, natural out-crossing rate is high, generally 5% to 10%, and some varieties up to 30%. Pepper flowers are both male and female. Most varieties of corolla white
Second, adopt technology (1) conventional varieties of seed collection technology
1. Cultivation techniques for cultivation and management of collecting peppers for cultivation of fields are the same as those for cultivation of peppers. Seed production should be set up specifically to strengthen water and fertilizer management, promote the early development of pepper, early formation
2. The selection of peppers is a frequent outcrossing vegetable, and the natural outcrossing rate is high. Therefore, 500 to 1,000 meters are isolated between different varieties of farmland. Selection should be carried out in stages. sit
3. Collect the seeds of the chili peppers and use peppers and four sides of the peppers as seeds. Its seed collection is large and its seed quality is good. In the process of breed, all should be neglected
(B) Hybrid hybrid seed production techniques pepper production increased by more than 30%, and the performance of precocious, strong resistance characteristics. In early-maturing peppers, a generation of hybrids account for almost 100%. Production of a hybrid
1. The level of artificial hybrid fruit set using artificial hybrids to produce a hybrid seed pepper is not only related to its biological characteristics, but also to weather conditions outside.
(1) The appropriate season and time for pepper pollination. The optimum average temperature of pollen germination during the flowering of pepper is 22~26°C, which is lower than 18°C ​​and higher than 30°C.
(2) Suitable weather for hybrid seed production. In addition to the seasons and temperatures mentioned above, it is generally important to select sunny days for artificial cross-pollination so that
(3) Plant adjustments. Pepper is a thermophilic vegetable. In the early stage of growth, due to low temperature, slow seedlings are slow, and nutrient growth is weak. Therefore, it should be controlled in the early stage of growth.
(4) The time of castration. The anthers of the peppers burst in the buds during the largest buds. Buds that have been loosened can not be used for seed production. And flowers
(5) Proportion of parent Honda configuration. The parental ratio is 1:4 to 6, and the slices are planted. If the seed is grown in a greenhouse, no isolation is required.
(6) Pollen collection and preservation. Every morning, on the father's plant, remove the slightly blooming or soon-to-open white buds and remove the anthers with tweezers.
(7) Pollination. According to the optimum temperature of pollen germination, pollination can be conducted throughout the day at an average temperature of 22-26°C. As in the afternoon before flowering
(8) Markers of hybrid fruit. After pollination of each flower, the mother plants should be cleaned up. If no hybrid flowers, buds and markers are found
(9) Fruit harvesting. The hybrid pepper fruit varies from pollination to maturity, depending on the variety, the cultivation method of the seedlings, and the position of the seed fruit. In order to ensure the seed
2. Using the male sterile line to breed a hybrid, in the production of a hybrid, the main use of the stamen degenerate sterile type of pepper as a female parent, select one
The entire method of operation is the same as that of artificial pollination by artificial pollination, except that the seeds harvested from sterile plants are a hybrid. Before pollination, it must be strictly
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