1. Safe application of pre-emergence herbicides, no phytotoxicity.

It is understood that the most widely used pre-emergence herbicide in cotton is trifluralin. The drug has a long residual period in the soil. If it is applied continuously in successive years, the residual amount will increase year by year, especially when used in thin sand, which will affect the normal growth of cotton roots. I have seen many years of applying trifluralin's cotton plants, more than half of the main roots are inhibited, can not be straight stretched deep, serious has become deformed, will weaken the root system of cotton support and important absorption functions. If you continue to use it, it will be even more serious. In contrast, the use of pendimethalin is safer and has a broader range of grass killing. The safe dose of pendimethalin in the cotton field is 150-200 ml (33% EC), and the lowest dose is suitable for thin sand. Use under the film to be cautious, if the overburdened soil is sprayed onto the seed, it will cause phytotoxicity.

2. Design density and line spacing to make it compatible with land and weather.

The principle of design density and line spacing is: the growth period is longer, the plant type is larger, the variety is larger, the density should be smaller, and the row spacing should be larger to ensure ventilation and light transmission to prevent leggy and canopy closure; shorter growth period The plant species with smaller species are on the weak ground, the density should be larger, and the row spacing should be smaller in order to make full use of the land and exert the group advantage. At present, the cotton planting mode in the north of China is a good balance between the advantages of groups and individuals. It is convenient for field operations and conducive to the normal birth of cotton plants. There are still irreplaceable advantages. After investigation, the current density of 4000-5000 acres, large row of 80 to 90 cm are mostly. According to the new situation in recent years when the soil fertility level of cotton fields generally rises and extreme bad weather frequently occurs, the author gives the following design options: (1) medium-sized ground force, large row spacing 80 to 90 centimeters, small row spacing 50 centimeters, plant spacing 20 centimeters, and acres 4700 ~ 5,100 strains, mainly with shrinkage control plant height less than 100 cm, 11.5 ~ 12.5 per unit effective bell, mu effective bell 60,000, can yield about 300 kg per mu (seed cotton, the same below). (2) There are poor soil fertility conditions with 1 row of water, large row spacing of 70 cm, small row spacing of 50 cm, plant spacing of 20 cm, 5555 acres, and 10.8 bolls per plant. By using group advantages, the effective bell can reach 6 Ten thousand, 300 kg per mu. (3) In dry and thin land without watering conditions, the plant spacing is 18 cm, 6200 mu, 8 bolls per plant, 50,000 effective bells, and stable yield of about 250 kg. (4) Stronger middle and upper reaches, 90 cm wide, 50 cm spacing, 27 cm plant spacing, 3500 mu or more, control plant type with comprehensive control measures, plant height 100 to 110 cm, effective per plant There are 17 bells and 60,000 effective bells, which can stabilize 300 kilograms. At the same time, large plant-type varieties with longer growth periods are not needed to prevent the risks of reduced production and quality caused by late-maturing and prolonged growth.

3. Give a good base fertilizer to lay a good foundation for reducing investment income.

Fertilizer input accounts for about 1/4 to 1/3 of the total investment in cotton fields, which is closely related to the stable production and income of cotton. Therefore, the application of base fertilizer at the seeding stage not only satisfies the needs of stabilizing production and increasing income, but also does not waste fertilizer, thus helping to achieve zero growth target of chemical fertilizers. The recommendations are as follows: (1) Medium-strength production of 300 kg of continuous cropping cotton fields. Mushi 10 kg of diammonium, 10 ~ 15 kg of potassium sulfate can be, according to the growing trend after top dressing. (2) The new land for the prevention of cotton seedlings grow, you can not apply basic fertilizer, view the growth of cotton seedlings and then make up the program. (3) In the successive years, 50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer with "15-15-15" (nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium, the same below) is used as the base fertilizer (does not meet the nutrient requirements of cotton), and no other fertilizer is necessary. Or only 20 kilograms of Mushi base fertilizer, according to the growing trend after fertilizer. (4) Apply the "mid-nitrogen-low-phosphor-high-potassium" cotton fertilizer (10-8-20) area, apply 50 kg of Mushi as the base fertilizer, spray fertilizer with urea foliar in the middle and later period, and maintain sustainable production of 300 kg of the yield, which is more cost-effective. In order to prevent production cuts, they can continue to be used in continuous plots. (5) Fertile ground is not suitable for planting cotton. If it cannot be avoided, it is necessary to use 50-75 kilograms of superphosphate as the base fertilizer in Mushi, and use early-maturing varieties of small plants to avoid producing low-yielding and inferior cotton.

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Medicine Peptides and protein drugs are emerging. There are now 35 important therapeutics on the market, and the development of biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies is becoming increasingly global. Biotechnology drug research focuses on the application of DNA recombinant technology to develop peptides, proteins, enzymes, hormones, vaccines, cell growth factors and monoclonal antibodies that can be used in clinical applications. According to Parexl's Pharmaceutical R&D Statistical Source Book, there are currently 723 biotech drugs under FDA review (including phase â…° to iii clinical and FDA evaluation), 700 drugs are in early stage (research and preclinical). More than 200 additional drugs are in the final stage of approval (Phase iii clinical and FDA evaluation). The basic dosage form of biotech drugs is lyophilized. Although the efficacy of conventional preparations has long been clinically proven, they need to be injected frequently for a long time due to their short half-life, which is difficult to accept from the perspective of psychological and economic burden on patients. To this end, scholars around the world mainly from two aspects to study and develop convenient and reasonable drug delivery approaches and new preparations: (1) embedment agent and sustained-release injection. â‘¡ Non-injectable dosage forms, such as respiratory inhalation, rectal administration, nasal administration, oral administration and transdermal administration, etc. Injectable preparations of sustained-release biotechnological drugs are new dosage forms with promising applications. Some of them, such as microsphere injections of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) analogues which can be sustained-release for 1 to 3 months, have been on the market. This paper focuses on this kind of preparations.Main types of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations The research and development of peptides and protein drug sustained-release preparations can be divided into two types, namely, embedment agent and microsphere injection, from the perspective of development process and dosage form. The shape of the implant is a hollow micro-fine rod, one end is closed, the other end is open, and the rod material is non-biodegradable polymer such as ptfe. The lumen was filled with a mixture of drugs and silica gel (silastic, polydimethylsiloxane). The implant is embedded under the skin, and the drug is released slowly through the opening of silica gel matrix. The American Physicians' Handbook (PDR) contains a product called Norplant? Levo-18 ethyl norethinnes, used in family planning. The preparation, each with a diameter of 2.4 mm and a length of 34 mm, is surgically implanted in the inner side of the patient's upper arm with 6 thin rods. The drug can be released in the body in zero-grade mode for up to 5 years, and then removed by surgery after release,1.1.2 Micro-osmotic pump embedding agent The United States Alza company in the 1970s developed an embedding agent shaped like a capsule, which is embedded in the skin or other parts. The body fluid can penetrate through the shell, dissolve the interlayer electrolytic layer, make the volume expansion of the interlayer pressure to the plastic inner cavity, and promote the drug solution from the opening of the fixed speed release. Many biomolecular drugs, such as insulin, heparin and nerve growth factor, have been reported as model drugs in vivo and in vitro. Implants have positive significance for the treatment of chronic patients who need long-term medication, but it has the following defects: â‘  must be surgically implanted. â‘¡ The skeleton material of the preparation is non-biodegradable polymer, which needs to be removed by surgery after release. â‘¢ The preparation has irritation and discomfort in local tissues. Evaluation methods for polypeptide protein drugs: 1. Liquid chromatography 2. Spectroscopic 3. Solvent-based versions are easy to use, but need to be kept at low temperatures (2-8 degrees Celsius).

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