Release date: 2016-08-30

In 1959, Nobel laureate and theoretical physicist Richard Feynman pioneered the idea of nanotechnology . He presented in a speech entitled "There is a lot of space at the bottom of matter": "Human will Level micro robots are used for medical treatment."

With the development of technology, Richard Feynman's idea is gradually being realized: combining millions of micro-mechanics into one, and recording the procedures and operational processes into nano-robots, they can move freely in the human body. Just like the fantasy in science fiction: With nano-robots, cancer will be cured, human life will last for hundreds of years, and all degenerative diseases will cease to exist. The wound will heal in seconds, some drugs will no longer have side effects, and the feeling of hangover discomfort will not exist - nanobots can "cure the whole world."

Today's robots have become a hot topic in the scientific community. With the rise of nanotechnology in the 1990s, research on micro-robots has blossomed around the world, especially in the application of nano-robots in biomedicine. The 21st century is an era of life sciences. The combination of nanotechnology and biomedicine will be an important part of life sciences in the 21st century, and nanobots will be the most tempting achievements in nanobiology.

Principle of nano robot

In fact, the cutting-edge technology of nano-robot is still in the experimental development stage, and how does a robot with a size of one hundred thousandth of a hair swim in the blood? The current technology is that nano-robots rely on tiny capacitors to power the tail (or limbs), have payloads in their bodies, and have a miniature camera on the head for finding targets.

There is also a nano-robot that uses a nano-engine to walk, place synthetic nano motors in living human cells, and control them by ultrasound. Nano-engines have little effect on cells at low ultrasound power, but after increasing power, they move within the cell, striking the cell structure, reconciling the contents of the cell, and even piercing the cell wall. Nanoengines can also treat cancer by performing mechanical manipulation of cells from within, performing intracellular surgery, or delivering drugs directly to living tissue.

Any use of nanotechnology in the medical field will lead to a medical revolution that can even change human life. Since 1981, G. Binnig and H. After Rohrer invented the Scanning Tunneling Microscope in the laboratory of IBM Zurich, human research on nanobots has never been interrupted. The development of nano-robot belongs to the category of molecular bionics. It is designed and manufactured according to the biological principle of molecular level, and is controlled and operated in nano-space.

Possible medical applications for nanobots include: treatment of arteriosclerosis, clearing of blood vessel embolism, removal of fat deposits in arteries, precise killing of cancer cells, treatment of body masses, removal of parasites, treatment of gout, kidney draining and cleaning of wounds. When you have a cold, the doctor does not need to give you an injection, but instead implants a nano-robot in the blood. This robot detects the source of the cold virus in the body and reaches the virus where it directly releases the drug to kill the virus.

Nano-robots that are beginning to see technology

1. Clottocyte nanorobot that releases clots

The hemostasis process of the human body is more complicated. The whole process takes 2 minutes to 10 minutes. The first stage is the formation of a natural thrombus. It usually consists of three steps: platelet adhesion, platelet aggregation, plug formation and platelet release. The second stage is fiber deposition. Quickly form a random fiber network at the wound, catching platelets and other blood cells, and forming clots. Anti-clotting nanobots can function like platelets and stick together to form blood clots to stop bleeding. This nano-robot can store fibers, and when they encounter a wound, they quickly release the fibers to create a clot that takes much less time than platelet aggregation, which takes about one second.

2. Nano-robots that specialize in bacteria (Microbivore)

Healthy human blood is generally considered a sterile environment. Although the blood is filled with the nutrients required by the bacteria, the neutrophils and monocytes flowing in the blood have the ability to phagocytose bacteria, forming an immune defense line with microbial resistance. Of course, there may still be a small amount of bacteria in the blood, such as oral symbiotic bacteria that enter the blood from the gap of the gums when chewing or brushing, or bacteria that enter the bloodstream from the wound when the skin is injured. These bacteria cause diseases such as sepsis, sepsis, Gram-positive bacteremia, and parasitic blood diseases. Nano-robots that specialize in bacteria, like white blood cells and neutrophils in the blood, use a "digestion and release" mechanism to kill bacteria or similar invaders faster, more effectively, in bacteria or viruses in a few minutes to a few It is cleared within hours, and the defense system of the "phage" mechanism in the human body, even in the presence of antibiotics, still takes weeks or months to completely remove bacteria or viruses from the blood. In addition, nanobots have no other potential side effects.

3. Respirocyte for assisted breathing

The goal of assisted breathing nanobots is to replace all important functions of red blood cells in the blood, such as transporting oxygen from the lungs to various organs of the body to control the pH of the blood. Scientist Robert Freitas designed the Respirocyte nano-robot, which can carry 9 billion oxygen molecules and two carbon dioxide, which is 236 times that of human natural red blood cells. Through the chemical sensors and pressure sensors such as carbonic acid inside the airborne, the detection of the human body environment is realized, and the robot can be remotely controlled.

This robot can not only be used in medical treatments such as partial treatment of anemia, artificial respiration, and loss of lung function, but also enables humans to sprint for 15 minutes while running without feeling exhausted. This level of oxygen supply can also enable humans to freely suffocate in water for hours.

4. Origami nanorobot with operable DNA

The Munich University of Technology (TUM) invented the latest DNA nanodevices, which include a movable manipulator, a book that can be opened and closed, and a switchable gear. This means a breakthrough in the use of DNA programming to fabricate nanostructures and mechanical science.

According to Hendrik Dietz, a professor at TUM, "Traditional DNA origami is a controllable construction of highly complex nanopatterns or structures by base-complementing a long phage single-stranded DNA with a series of designed short DNA fragments. The origami nano-robot is like a child's Lego building block toy. Scientists only need to design complementary units, no need to play with base pairs, the robot itself can be activated by base pairs and capture these units to repair DNA. The purpose of implanting new genes.

The picture shows a three-dimensional DNA origami nano robot for DNA hybridization (University of Udine, Italy)

5. Nanobots for cancer treatment

In May 2015, scientists at Columbia University in the United States successfully developed a robot with deoxynucleotide molecules that can walk, move, turn, and stop freely following the trajectory of DNA. Research shows that once programmed, Nano-spider robots can automate tasks without human intervention. Therefore, nano-snail robots are considered to be the most ideal tool for helping humans identify and kill cancer cells for the purpose of treating cancer and cleaning arterial waste.

Key technical issues

1. Navigation positioning problem

Nanobots are used in the blood and need to be directed to the appropriate area and report the location in real time. There are currently two mainstream solutions: an external navigation positioning system and an onboard navigation positioning system. Positioning techniques used in external navigation systems include ultrasonic positioning, magnetic field positioning of magnetic resonance robots, fluorescence dyeing positioning, X-ray positioning, microwave positioning, and thermal radiation positioning. The onboard navigation system uses a miniature camera device to navigate through visual positioning technology. Another way is to use chemical sensors to track chemicals and follow the chemical pathways precisely to the affected area.

2. Energy supply problem

The work of the robot in the body is inseparable from the basic operating energy. Current solutions are divided into external power supply and onboard power supply. Onboard energy supply, such as putting the energizing electrode into the blood, provides operational energy through biochemical reactions in the blood, or by using the Seebeck effect of the conductor temperature difference. External energy supply is the robot carrying the optical fiber, and the external optical signal is converted into an electrical signal on the board to power the robot. In the same way, microwaves, magnetic fields, etc. can be used to convert the external energy into electrical energy to power the robot.

3. Biocompatibility issues

Since the nanomedical robot will enter the patient's blood, it is necessary to ensure that the robot surface is not adherent to proteins in the plasma and blood. In addition, the surface material needs to be an inert material that does not undergo a biochemical reaction in the blood. Avoid causing multiple systemic reactions in the human body such as immune response, procoagulant response, hypersensitivity reaction, and fever reaction. In addition, nano-robots are small in size, no more than 1 micron in length, width and height, which may cause the phagocytosis of macrophages in the body. Therefore, robots need to design techniques to avoid engulfing and fleeing.

Outlook

In 2013, Nano Robot was listed as one of the top 10 most controversial top technologies in the world by The New England Journal of Medicine. But what is still certain is that nano-robots will bring us a new round of precision medical revolution. This top-level field will be a market with great potential and unstoppable. Andrew Conrad, head of the Life Science team at Google X Labs, boldly imagined a more incredible application at the WSJD Online Global Technology Conference: using nanobots as a medium to connect the human brain and external network systems to developers. Brain intelligence and potential bring unimaginable revolutions that revolutionize the way we live and work, even humans themselves.

However, nano-robots have encountered a warning "yellow light" during the development phase. Wiki Kaulwen, director of the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology at Rice University in the United States, cites two reasons for the need to pay attention to nano-robots: one is that nano-robots cannot be removed from the human body, and the other is that nano-robots cannot enter the human body. According to the 2004 Nature magazine, experiments conducted by researchers at the University of Rochester in New York in the United States showed that carbon nanoparticles with a diameter of 35 nanometers can quickly appear in the brain to deal with the sense of smell after being breathed into the body. The inside of the olfactory bulb, and constantly piled up, eventually caused the mouse to die immediately. However, there are still many scientists who believe that the research on nano-robots is still in its infancy, and there is no need to consider security issues. Nano-robots are human-level epic innovations, and human beings must continue to bravely march into this great field.

Source: Bio Valley

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