The relationship between oral bacteria and cancer is beyond your imagination September 08, 2016 Source: Bio Valley In the early 1890s, a doctor named William Collet had said that certain bacteria can enhance anti-tumor immunity, and he even successfully treated cancer patients with bacterial extracts. But the relationship between bacteria and tumors is complex, and until now, it is not known whether other types of bacteria have the opposite effect in common cancers: protecting tumor cells from immune cell attacks.
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Recently, more and more studies have confirmed or suggested that oral bacteria may play an important role in cancers such as colorectal cancer and esophageal cancer. For example, many researchers have revealed that a common bacterium in the mouth, Fusobacterium, can cause colorectal cancer through their surface adhesion molecule FadA, or recognize colorectal cancer through their surface Fap2 protein. Gal-GalNac molecules on the cell surface promote the development, growth and spread of colorectal cancer. and many more.
Below, Xiao Bian summarizes the correlation between oral bacteria and cancer discovered by scientists in the past few years . I hope readers can better understand the role of oral bacteria in the development of some cancers from a scientific perspective, and deeply understand the maintenance. Oral hygiene is very important.
1. Cell Supplement: Revealing how oral bacteria can cause colorectal cancer to worsen
Cell Host & Microbe , 10 August 2016, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2016.07.006
Bacteria, which are often found in the mouth, have recently been shown to worsen colorectal cancer in animals, but it is still unclear how these bacteria first reached the intestine. In a new study, researchers from institutions such as the Hebrew University of Israel revealed that oral bacteria called Fusobacterium may reach the colorectal tumor through the blood. These findings also indicate how these bacteria accurately target the colorectal tumors, where they proliferate and subsequently accelerate the development of colorectal cancer. The results of the study were published in the August 10, 2016 issue of Cell Host & Microbe, entitled "Fap2 Mediates Fusobacterium nucleatum Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Enrichment by Binding to Tumor-Expressed Gal-GalNAc".
Researchers have speculated that oral bacteria may reach colorectal tumors through the bloodstream. To test this, they injected Fusobacterium into two models of mice (with malignant colon cancer or precancerous rectal tumor). In both models of mice, these Fusobacteria are enriched in colorectal tumors relative to nearby normal tissues. They also detected Fusobacterium in colorectal cancer metastases in most people tested, but were not detected in most samples extracted from tumor- free liver biopsies.
Using human samples and model mice, the researchers then found that the Fap2 protein on the surface of Fusobacterium recognizes a sugar molecule called Gal-GalNac, which is abundantly present on the surface of colorectal cells. Further experiments confirmed that Fap2 regulates the colonization of Fusobacterium in colorectal cancer tumors and metastases. Recent studies have confirmed that this protein also destroys the ability of the host immune system to kill tumor cells.
Taken together, these findings suggest that Fusobacterium reaches the colorectal tumor through the blood, and then uses their Fap2 protein to bind to the host cell and proliferate within the tumor , thereby accelerating the development of colorectal cancer.
The downside of this study is that mice with colorectal cancer do not fully respond to this slowly developing tumor in humans. Based on these findings, it is still too early to prevent tumor growth by preventing oral bacteria from reaching the colon through the blood .
However, in the future, researchers will further study how Fusobacterium can lead to the development, growth and spread of colorectal cancer.
2, two Cell publications: oral bacteria can trigger colorectal cancer
Cell Host & Microbe , 2013, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.012
Cell Host & Microbe , 2013, doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.007
Researchers from the Case Western Reserve University School of Dentistry found that a common oral bacteria can cause colorectal cancer. This finding provides a new direction for finding ways to prevent and treat this cancer.
Yiping Han, a professor of periodontology at the School of Dentistry, is the principal investigator of the study. “We found that colorectal cancer is associated with bacterial infections. This finding provides a potential for treating and preventing this cancer. New diagnostic tools and treatments."
The results of this study were published on Cell Host & Microbe. This result, together with another study by other investigative groups, clarified how bacteria accelerate the accumulation of cancerous cells.
At the same time, the researchers also found ways to prevent this microbe. The bacteria, called Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn), can adhere to colon cancer cells, potentially triggering a series of changes to trigger cancer.
These findings started in 2011. In 2011, Han and her team identified an adhesion molecule called FadA on the surface of Fn that binds to VE-cadherin. VE-cadherin is a member of the cadherin family and is a cellular receptor located on blood vessels.
When Han finished work on FadA and VE-cadherin, the researchers from Harvard University and Columbia University have found a malignant tumor surface there is more than normal tissue surface Fn.
Han said that when she learned about these results, she immediately suspected that Fn might work in the colon like a blood vessel – interacting with cells in the colon. Therefore, she turned her research focus to colorectal cancer.
Because her laboratory was able to track the ability of Fn to bind to VE-cadherin receptors on blood vessels, it was found that the binding of FadA to VE-cadherin receptors in colon cells did not take too long.
They found that the combination of FadA and VE-cadherin initiated a protein called ß-catenin. There are many functions of ß-catenin, where it contributes to the development of cancer: one is that the inflammatory response changes the immune system, and the other stimulates the growth of cancer cells.
Han Labs designed a new synthetic peptide to inhibit the binding of FadA to E-cadherin, which in turn inhibits other processes that trigger cancer.
They also found that in precancerous, malignant colon polyps, the level of the FadA gene is 10-100 times that of normal tissues.
Therefore, Han said: "FadA can be a diagnostic marker for early detection of colorectal cancer. It can also detect whether treatment is effective in reducing Fn in the intestines and mouth."
Han stressed that these results tell us the importance of focusing on oral health. At the time of gum disease, the dangerous bacteria of Fn will increase greatly.
3. Immunity: Oral bacteria protect tumor cells from immune attack
Immunity, doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.010
Colon cancer patients have an unusual number of common oral bacteria, but the potential role of these bacteria in tumor development is not clear. A new study published by Cell Press in the journal Immunology shows that the oral pathogen, Fusobacterium nucleatum, protects a variety of tumor cells from being killed by immune cells. This discovery may open up new avenues for the treatment of cancer patients.
In a new study, Mandelboim researchers teamed up with the Hebrew University of Hadassah to study whether the anti-tumor activity of natural killer cells is affected by Fusobacterium nucleatum, an oral pathogen and periodontal disease. Disease-related and also found in human colon tumors .
They found that the bacteria protect the destruction of various human tumor cells. This immune evasion depends on the binding of the bacterial protein, Fap2, to the immune cell receptor of TIGIT. "If we remove the tumor in the tumor or use antibodies to inhibit TIGIT, we can make immune cells kill colon tumor cells more effectively, " said Dr. Chamutal of the Hadassah School of Medicine at the Hebrew University.
Researchers are now planning to test whether other types of tumors are also present in Fusobacterium nucleatum. They also plan to study more details of the Fap2-TIGIT interaction and develop methods to prevent these interactions. Professor Mandelboim said: "Because of the specific targeting of tumors by Fusobacterium nucleatum, a Fap2-deficient Fusobacterium nucleatum may be designed in the future to guide tumoricidal therapeutics to better target tumors ."
4, Sino-US cooperation found that oral bacteria can increase the risk of esophageal cancer
Infectious Agents and Cancer, doi:10.1186/s13027-016-0049-x
Researchers from the University of Louisville School of Dentistry recently discovered that a bacterium called Porphyromonas gingivalis is present in 61% of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which is itself involved in the development of gum disease. In contrast, the bacterium is only present in tissues around 12% of cancer cells, which are not detected in normal esophageal tissues . The relevant research results were published in the international academic journal Infectious Agents and Cancer.
In this study, researchers at the University of Louisville collaborated with researchers at the Henan University of Science and Technology Clinical School to examine tissue samples from 100 ESCC patients and 30 normal controls. P. gingivalis itself expresses a molecule called lysine-dental protease. By detecting the expression of the molecule and the bacterial DNA in the esophageal tissue , the researchers found that compared with the surrounding tissues of cancer cells and normal tissues, ESCC patients There are more P. gingivalis in cancer tissues, and the emergence of P. gingivalis is also associated with cancer cell differentiation, metastasis, and overall patient survival.
According to Huizhi Wang, there are two possible explanations: ESCC cells provide a suitable environment for infection and growth of P. gingivalis, or P. gingivalis can promote the development of esophageal cancer. If the former explanation is correct, then using some antibiotics may have some effect or use genetic engineering techniques to develop other treatments that target P. gingivalis and ultimately destroy cancer cells.
If it can be proved that P. gingivalis is the cause of ESCC, it will be very significant: this suggests that improving oral hygiene may reduce the risk of ESCC, screening P. gingivalis in plaque will help ESCC screening And the use of antibiotics or other antibacterial treatments may prevent ESCC progression.
5, oral bacteria will be used to diagnose pancreatic cancer
According to the report from the American Society for Microbiology, there is a clear difference between oral microbial composition patterns and healthy controls in patients with pancreatic cancer. This discovery will greatly help early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer, which is a serious threat to human health. Accurate early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer will greatly improve the survival rate of patients, but unfortunately, an effective technical method for early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer has not yet been developed .
In this latest study, the research team collected a total of 131 patients, including 63 women and 68 men. Of the 131 people, 14 have been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, 13 have pancreatic disease, 22 have other types of cancer, and 10 have good health. The results showed that the components of the other oral microorganisms (Leptotrichia and Campylobacter) in the group of patients with pancreatic cancer were significantly higher than the other groups. At the same time, the composition of the other three oral microorganisms (Streptococcus, Treponema and Veillonella) was significantly lower than the other groups.
6, these two oral bacteria may cause cancer! do you know?
As a gastrointestinal malignancies, pancreatic cancer has been facing a high degree of malignancy, early diagnosis rate is low, low cure rate problems, morbidity and mortality on the rise in recent years. Research on the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer has also been the focus of scientists' hopes.
At the 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting, the research team from the New York University Langley Medical Center reported on the latest research on the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer : specific oral bacteria may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. risk.
The University of New York's epidemiological research team conducted a 10-year follow-up survey of 732 Americans and collected their mouthwash as a sample of oral bacteria research, of which 361 were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer during the period . The researchers compared the oral bacterial composition of cancer patients (before diagnosis) with normal people and found that people with any of the two specific bacteria in the oral flora had a significantly increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Specifically, P. gingivalis increased the prevalence of pancreatic cancer by 59%, while the presence of actinomycetes increased the prevalence of pancreatic cancer by 50%. The researchers also said that specific types of oral microbiotas increase the risk of pancreatic cancer and are associated with age, gender, smoking, ethnicity, and family history.
For the first time, this study directly evaluated the association between oral colonies and pancreatic cancer, and is expected to provide a new basis for early and more accurate diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
2. Analgesic, antipyretic
3. Physiological antioxidant. Coenzyme for a number of hydroxylation reactions; required for collagen synthesis. Widely distributed in plants and animals. Inadequate intake results in deficiency syndromes such as scurvy. Used as antimicrobial and antioxidant in foodstuffs.
The relationship between oral bacteria and cancer is beyond your imagination