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Melon "three avoid" cultivation techniques
1. Cultivation season and cornices In recent years, the listing period of thick muskmelon has been increasing year by year. Combined with the temperature and light conditions of the solar greenhouse, most seedlings are planted before and after December 10, planted in mid-January, flowered around February 10-15, and entered the harvest period in late March and harvested from the end of April to the beginning of May. In the middle of May, Lashio was finished. When the two crops are not harvested, if they are robust and strengthen management, they can harvest three crops of melons, and the time for pulling them will be delayed by one month. In the past two years, the earliest sowing period had been advanced to around November 10, planted in mid-December, and flowered from January 10 to 15th. The first crop was harvested in late February and the second crop was harvested in early April. In order to increase the yield in the early stage, a stable ground temperature must be maintained during the planting period, which can be planted in the middle or late December. This kind of melon is relatively active in management and has sufficient light, especially seedlings after planting, and the seedlings are quite robust. In winter warm sun greenhouses, thick-season muskmelon, regardless of proper early sowing or late sowing, the latest pull-pull period is May, that is, one month before the next crop sowing should be completed. The squat can be sown or planted in advance with loofah, bitter gourd, cucumber, beans, sweet (spicy) pepper, eggplant, celery, fennel, coriander, cabbage, cauliflower and so on. 2. The selection of species is based on precocious Elizabeth. In recent years, the sun, Toyota, champion and other species have been introduced, and Elizabeth has been the main cultivar. From the perspective of market demand, the champion may have better development prospects in the future. Harvested in mid-March, leaving a single melon, a single melon weight between 350 to 600 grams, of which 400 to 450 grams are mostly; leave the double melon, the two fruit size is not uniform, a single melon weight 200 to 300 grams, It is mostly about 200 grams. Although the single plant yields of single and double guarana are approximately the same, the price difference is large, and the price of large guarana is high. Therefore, it is advisable to keep single guarana. 3. Seedling Techniques Tips Muskmelon seedlings are mainly nursery seedlings. In recent years, the use of electric hotbed nursery has increased year by year. As wilt disease becomes more and more serious, the use of Xintuozuo pumpkin as rootstock for grafting cultivation will become the main form of winter greenhouse cultivation in the future. The technical points of different types of seedlings are now described as follows: (1) Conventional seedlings should be adequately cultivated. Fertilizer seedlings must be thoroughly decomposed and fermented. From a time point of view, it is better to use 7 to 8 months of maturity. Repeated and uniform fermentation should be repeated to avoid the use of semi-perishable fattening seedlings. It is more suitable and safe to use pig manure as nutrient soil, and the pig manure accounts for 30% to 40% of the total nutrient soil. 2 Seedlings Watering Seedlings are raised with plastic or paper rakes. Bottom water must be poured. The seedbed should be poured with water once in 3 days before placing the nutrient solution, and then poured into the nutrient bowl before pouring it once. The amount of water should be 3 to 5 cm to submerge the nutrient bowl. 8 To raise the ground temperature of the soil to reach 16-18 °C. This can guarantee a full seedling, and it is not easy to happen after emergence. 4 seedbed temperature control using the "three high and three low" method of raising seedlings, that is, in the case of pouring foot bottom water, bed temperature control to a pre-emergence high, low post-emergence; Second, the real leaves exposed after the heart is high, two leaves after the heart is low; Third, the seedlings are high before planting and low when they are close to planting. A high is for Miao Qi, Miao Quan, a low is to prevent the rapid elongation of the hypocotyls to form high and weak weak seedlings; the second is to accelerate the increase in leaf area and promote root growth, the second is to control seedlings leggy; three high This is to promote the growth of roots again in the low soil moisture conditions at the late stage of nursery. The third is to make the seedlings adapt to the environmental conditions after planting. The specific method of grasping the temperature is: when the ground temperature is between 16 and 22°C, the height is not low. The temperature should be controlled at 13-28°C. Such as "a high and low" in the 13 ~ 28 °C base on the increase of 3 °C, that is formed to 16 ~ 31 °C; unearthed in the 13 ~ 28 °C base up and down 3 °C, that is 10 ~ 25 °C. This is "one high and one low." Other stages increase or decrease 2 to 5°C depending on the temperature conditions required for seedlings. (2) In addition to the basic methods for raising seedlings in electric hotbed nursery, special attention should also be paid to the following points: 1 Power The power of the electric heating hotbed is generally 80 to 100 watts per square meter depending on the seedling season, light and temperature conditions. 2 Seedling watering seedbed watering quantity is more than conventional water, which can be higher than 1 times of conventional water. (3) The ground temperature should be suitable for the temperature of the nursery to 20~24°C. 4 Hotbed nursery combined with conventional nursery Seedlings were raised with electric heating at low temperature in the early stage, and conventional nursery was conducted at the later stage or when the temperature was appropriate. 5 The nutrients for large-scale nurseries are larger than conventional ones to meet the growth of roots and leaves. (3) Grafting Seedlings such as grafting and raising seedlings in the early winter season, temperature, light, humidity, etc., in addition to the grafting period, the basic management by electrothermal hotbed nursery or conventional nursery method. The key points for grafting seedlings are as follows: 1 Choosing the best seeding time: Using the New Tuzuo pumpkin as the rootstock, the thick-skinned melon as the scion, we must first broadcast the melon and then broadcast the pumpkin. Due to the impact of climate conditions, the pumpkin sowing date is generally lower than that of the melon. For 6 days, the pumpkin sowing date should be accurately determined. That is, when the cotyledons of the melons are flattened, the pumpkins are soaked, and the melon leaves are exposed until the half-opening time. The cotyledon of the pumpkin is flattened, and the melon leaves are in the proper period of grafting. 2 sowing method There are two methods of sowing: one is the melon, pumpkin tiller, planted in the nutrients after grafting. The other is to sow the melons 1.5 centimeters around the center point of the nutrient bowl. After the melon leaves are exposed, the pumpkin rootstock seeds are sown in the center of the nutrient bowl. When the pumpkin cotyledons are flattened, the melon leaves one heart and leaves. Then. This method is easy to operate and has a high survival rate. 3 Grafting method Locally used is by plug-in method, from 1 to 2 cm below the cotyledon of pumpkin seedlings, incising a knife at an angle of 40 degrees upwards, the location of melon is more than 1.5 to 2 centimeters from the edge of pumpkin, down to 35 to 40 degrees Diagonally cut the rootstock and the scion's cutting edge. A few days later, the squash grew rapidly and the stalks of pumpkin and melon were of the same height. Otherwise, due to the excessive growth of pumpkin stems, the pumpkin seedlings are angulated and the growth is hindered. 4 Control of temperature, humidity and light intensity Strict moisturizing, temperature control and shade are the key to improving the survival rate of grafting. After grafting, it should be properly watered, covered with arching membranes, sealed tightly, and be covered with enamel foil to make the relative humidity more than 95%. The temperature is 25-28°C during the first 3 days and 18-20°C during the night. The survival rate and the quality of the seedlings are closely related to the temperature of the night. From the fourth to the seventh day, the arches were gradually opened to release the wind at two ends. The air outlet was small and large, and the arch membrane was removed in 7 days. From the third day, the shade was covered with light and the light was weak. If the seedlings do not fight after 5 days, they can be removed. After 4 days, the daytime temperature can be controlled at 25-28°C and nighttime at 18°C. The ground temperature should always be maintained at 20-22°C. 5 Cutting off the roots should be done sooner rather than later in accordance with the above general management, 3 days wound healing, 7 days vascular bundles connected, 10 days to select a small part of the root, light intensity may be mild wilting, with appropriate shading can restore normal After 10 days, the melon root can be completely cut off, and the melon root should be kept small. After the root is cut off, the melon root is removed. 4. Planting period and planting density planting period is good in the middle and late January, but from the perspective of market and economic efficiency, it can be advanced from early December to early January. The key issue here is to keep the ground temperature no lower than 12°C, and the flowering temperature should be above 18°C. In winter and spring cultivation, high planting density will affect ground visibility, resulting in low ground temperature, but low planting density will result in low yield, directly affecting the yield. According to large area surveys, the appropriate planting density is about 2200 per mu. Generally used about 60 cm line spacing, spacing about 50 cm. This is conducive to ventilation, light, increase the temperature, but also conducive to safe winter. 5. The control of greenhouse temperature, lighting temperature and lighting control on the shed, on the one hand, must take into account the physiological needs of muskmelon plants in various stages, and on the other hand, ecological methods must be taken into consideration to prevent the occurrence of diseases. After planting, it is necessary to extend the lighting time as much as possible, increase the temperature inside the greenhouse, increase the temperature of the soil, and create favorable conditions for planting and flowering. After the melon seedlings are planted, it is the low temperature season, and the heat preservation is more important than other management. At the seedling stage, deep rooting and multi-rootedness are the central objectives of management. Under normal circumstances, it is feasible to open at 8:30 in the morning, cover at 4 pm, and keep 17 to 15°C in the middle of the winter warm greenhouse, and maintain 14 to 12°C in the middle of the night. In case of 3 to 5 days of continuous yin, there is no obvious adverse effect on the minimum temperature of 8 to 9°C. In case of cloudy days, it can be safely overwintering after taking measures such as cleaning the membrane, keeping the air out of air or not releasing the air, and properly covering the heat insulation. According to a survey conducted in Daxinge Township, during the period from January to February 1994, when the outside temperature dropped to -16.3°C and the low temperature of 4.3°C occurred in the shed for a short period of time, the melon seedlings could tolerate low temperatures. However, it has a certain influence on the early expansion and early heat of melon fruit. After entering the expansion period, with the extension of the illumination time and the increase of the light intensity, the temperature rises, and the focus of the control of temperature and light turns to the ecological control of diseases. 6. Pruning method winter greenhouse winter melon cultivation of winter melon, in the density of 2200 per mu, the single vine pruning method. When the main vine grows 6 to 7 leaves, it starts to bind the vines and hangs the vines. The base leaves no vines. The vines of the main vines are used for the vines. Because of the short illumination time and low light intensity, generally 2 can be left. melon. With the changes in market demand, adopting a method of leaving a melon in the past two years can significantly improve efficiency. After fruiting, leave 2 to 3 leaves before the melon, the main vine grows to 25 to 30 leaves topping. At present, the melon frame adopts a nylon rope hanger, which is characterized by saving labor and money, and is beneficial to light. 7. Fertilizer management before application of planting base fertilizer, focusing on the application of coarse fat, the general Mushi compost chicken manure 10 to 12 cubic meters, 50 to 60 kilograms of diammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate 20 to 30 kilograms, after chemical fertilizer, coarse fertilizer application Plunge 40 centimeters deep and turn it twice to mix the soil and fertilizer. Then pour enough water to make the soil practical. Watering planting water is an important measure for seedling management. In the initial stage of colonization, the ground temperature is relatively high. If the colonization water does not have enough water, it should be immediately filled with water. After this water enters the seedling stage, if it is poured into the water during the seedling stage, it will seriously affect rooting and create obstacles for the management of water and fertilizer. Because the base fertilizer is more than enough, the seedling stage needs less fertilizer, and it is generally not necessary to apply fertilizer when planting water. When muskmelon was set up, combined with watering 150 kg of cake fertilizer per acre, or 15-20 kg of urea per acre, 10 kg of diammonium phosphate and potassium sulfate. Water should be adequate to prevent flooding. When part of the fruit grows white, pour the third water. During this period, 0.1% to 0.5% of potassium dihydrogen phosphate may be sprayed on the leaf surface. 8. Diseases and Insect Pest Control The local pests of this musk muskmelon have fewer pests. The common diseases are mainly fusarium wilt, powdery mildew and downy mildew. Fusarium wilt occurs on the most severely populated land. For the first 3 years of continuous cropping, cucumber or melon weighed more than two years. Fusarium wilt occurs more severely. Generally, the disease can cause about 30% of dead fleas. The weather is sunny, the diseased plant rate can reach 50% to 80%, 50% carbendazim WP can be used to irrigate the roots, 2 kg per mu, 2 to 3 times irrigation, the control effect is better it is good. According to the survey conducted by Jia Bali Village, the second dose of the drug was administered after 5 days of irrigation, and the mortality rate of the diseased strain was reduced to less than 10%. If it fails to prevent and cure in time, the mortality rate will exceed 40%. Mainly to ecological control of downy mildew and powdery mildew, supplemented by chemical control. These two diseases do not develop when the temperature is appropriate and the humidity is not appropriate. They do not develop when the humidity is appropriate and the temperature is not appropriate. Such as downy mildew, the optimal temperature is 18 ~ 24 °C, between 15 ~ 30 °C can cause infection. Can be taken late, to control the night temperature below 15 °C, then take the morning below 30 °C without releasing the wind, more than 30 °C, open the air outlet, multi-row wet, reduce the relative humidity, as far as possible during the appropriate temperature relative humidity Drop to less than 70% to effectively control its incidence.