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1 Selection of ponds for raising ginseng ginseng ginseng ponds are usually selected for smooth flow, fresh water, no pollution, no large amount of river water, seaweed growth, maximum water temperature not exceeding 30°C, salinity of not less than 28 ‰, and pH of 7.9- 8.4 In the mid-upper tidal zone of the sea area, sandy bottom or sand-mud sediments are suitable, and natural tides can be naturally generated during large tidal flows. The daily water exchange volume is 5% to 10%, and the average water depth in the pool is maintained at 1.5m or more. During the high temperature period should reach about 2.0m.
2 The design and deployment of reference reefs The purpose of designing artificial sea cucumber reefs is to provide habitats and sleeping places for sea cucumbers, as well as to multiply and accumulate large amounts of algae for feeding by sea cucumbers. Therefore, it is very important to improve the ponds and build reefs. Prior to the construction of the reef, the mud at the bottom of the pool should be removed, and then it should be leveled and compacted with a chain truck. There are conditions that can be used to cover the bottom and protect the slope. There are a wide variety of materials available on the reef, including tiles, bricks, old scallop cages, hollow bricks, old nets, used tires, and broken stones. Crushed stones have a larger contact surface with seawater, accumulate more algae, and use for a longer time, which is a good reference for reef materials. Reefs are placed so as to maximize the hidden space of sea cucumbers, usually in strips or heaps. The strips are 0.8-1.0 m high, 2 - 3 m wide, and the row spacing is 2 m; the stacking height is 0.8-1.0 m, each stack is 2 - 3 m3, and the stacking distance is 2 m.
3 Seedling Selection and Delivery
3.1 Running time The seedlings are usually selected from September to October and March to April of the following year. Because September-October is just after the high temperature season in summer, various algae grow on the reefs, especially the benthic diatoms are quite abundant, providing excellent feed for young ginseng; at this time, the surface temperature of pool water drops to 25°C. The following is precisely the timing when sea cucumbers climb out of the cave and feed on them. Young ginseng grows quickly. The test showed that sea cucumber has very strong cold resistance. Even if the ice surface of the pond is frozen, the sea cucumber will not freeze to death. It can still survive in the pool water at -3°C, and will be released in the next 3～4 months when the water temperature is suitable. , Winter is rich in seedlings, stocking large-sized seedlings, a considerable part of the year can be harvested.
3.2 Methods for putting seedlings There are two methods for putting seedlings into account: First, the direct injection method is suitable for the injection of large-sized seedlings, and the returned seedlings are evenly sprinkled into the waters where the reference reefs are located. The second is the net bag delivery method. It is suitable for placing small-sized seedlings with a body length of about 1cm. Because about 1cm young juvenile seedlings have a weak attachment ability, they are put into mesh bags, so that the seedlings slowly climb to the attached reefs, which will help improve the survival rate. Packing bags generally use 20-segment polyethylene scallop seedling bags, 40-60 heads per bag, small pieces of stones placed inside the bag to prevent floating and movement, loosen the bag mouth, and evenly place it near the reference reef.
3.3 Putting Specifications and Density The seeding density should be reasonably controlled according to the different seedlings specifications. Usually within 100 heads/kg of seedlings, the seeding density is within 10 heads per square meter, and the survival rate can reach over 90%; 300- 500 heads/kg of seedlings, density control of 10 to 15 heads per square meter, survival rate of up to 40% to 50%; seedlings of about 1 cm in size, can be placed at a temperature and water quality under appropriate conditions ~100 heads per square meter, but the survival rate is low, only about 10%. In practice, it is not advisable to stock individual seedlings of a certain size individually, but instead adopt the method of large and small seedlings to be used in different ways in order to make better use of water space and feed resources to achieve the purpose of inter-revenue collection and increase production and income.
4 Cultivation management
4.1 The diet of sea cucumber fed with sea cucumber is more miscellaneous. It mainly feeds on the surface sediments of the seabed. The sediments mainly include shells, diatoms, bacteria, protozoa, bivalves, copepods, algae, shrimps and crabs. Debris and other types of algae. In the pond culture of sea cucumber, due to the high density, the natural baits are relatively lacking, especially in the spring of March to May, and after the end of October in autumn, it is the proper temperature period for the growth of sea cucumber, while the water temperature is lower, and the micro flora and fauna in the water Less, leading to a serious shortage of food. Therefore, to meet the need for growth of sea cucumber during this period, artificial feeding must be performed to compensate for the lack of natural food. In spring and autumn, when the water temperature reaches 8 to 17°C, the growth rate of sea cucumber is fastest, and it needs to be fed once every 2 days. The fed amount is about 5% of the body weight of sea cucumber. In the rest of the growing season, it is weekly. Feed 1 to 2 times, the amount of feeding is 2% to 3%; when the water temperature is lower than 5 °C or higher than 20 °C, generally do not feed bait. The specific feeding amount should also be increased or decreased according to the daily monitoring situation.
4.2 Algae transplantation Before or during the stocking of seedlings, the algae and spores of marine algae such as sargassum, phyllophyta, and sarcophagus are transplanted into the ginseng pond to grow and reproduce in ponds and increase the natural bait. Variety and quantity. At the same time, the transferred seaweed prawn pool water has a better purification effect.
4.3 Anti-disease medicine Antibiotics will be made into pre-mixed materials, dosage 2% to 5%, before the feed is fully mixed with bait, made bait. In the whole growth period of sea cucumber, sea cucumber is fed 1 to 2 times a week, and the disease can be prevented by regularly dispensing medicine baits. This method of application has the advantages of quicker effect, higher cure rate, easier administration, and less expense compared with the administration method of Quanchiposa.
4.4 Exchange of water quality Stichopus japonicus likes fresh water quality, so the ponds for raising the ginseng should have good conditions for water intake and drainage. Changing the water can not only ensure the quality of fresh water, but also provide sufficient natural food for sea cucumbers. In addition to reliance on natural water changes during the Great Tide, normally according to the water color, water temperature in time to enter and drain, can not change the water, use mechanical water. In spring and autumn, the water depth should be shallow in order to improve the water temperature; in the summer, the pool water should be deepened, and the water exchange volume should be increased to keep it as close as possible to the appropriate growth water temperature.
4.5 Design and Application of Segmented Drainage Gates Two active gates are designed on the top of the drainage gate, each 15 to 20 cm in height. When there is a large amount of fresh water injected during the flood season, the top of the gate will be eliminated by activating the movable gate at the top of the gate. The fresh water layer can effectively control the salinity of the pool water, maintain the relative stability of the water environment, avoid sudden changes in the water salinity, and affect the normal growth of sea cucumber.
4.6 Elimination of the predators The sea cucumbers have poor defense capabilities and are vulnerable to attack and prey by shrimps and carnivorous fish (carp, black seabream, goby, etc.). The main methods of removing the predators are the use of drugs and artificial methods: First, clear the pool with drugs before releasing the seedlings, and use the bleaching agent Quanchipue 2010E-6 for shrimps and crabs. For tea, use 10 to 15 10E-6 tea for the fish. Sub-cake Quanchiposa, until all the enemy is killed, then the water will be completely washed ponds 2 to 3 times, after a week can put seedlings (forbidden to the chemical disinfection of drugs in the pond, oil, etc., to prevent chemical parameters) The second is that the intake and drainage should be screened. In the spring of April to May, it is the breeding season of the predator. It should have a dense mesh of about 60 meshes to enter and drain to prevent the enemy's eggs or larvae from entering the pool. It can be replaced with 10 to 20 meshes to prevent the entry of pests into adulthood. The third is manual removal. The method of hook fishing and net trapping is mainly used for carnivorous fish. The method of net catching can be used for shrimp and crabs. "Net can remove shrimp, crabs and some fish.
4.7 Day-to-day monitoring During the entire cultivation period, attention should be paid to the monitoring of water quality, water temperature, growth of sea cucumber, and safety measures. Summer is the season when the pool water changes the most. If it is found that the water temperature is too high and the water color is abnormal, the water should be changed in time to avoid the death of the sea cucumber; the water intake and the sea cucumber should be measured once every two months to understand the food intake and growth status of the sea cucumber. , Scientifically adjust the amount of feeding, and take appropriate technical measures to ensure that the sea cucumber always maintains a good growth state; arrange special personnel management and care, adhere to the patrol pool, avoid dam collapse, filter leak, out of control gates and stolen The phenomenon occurs.
Between the five incomes of sea cucumbers and sea cucumbers, the body weight can reach 250g or more. The harvesting time can be flexibly controlled according to the market price and the breeding cycle. In general, harvesting is more in late autumn and early winter. The harvesting method is mainly based on submersible exploration. If there are conditions, the pool water can be drained to pick up the bottom. At the same time, according to the amount of sea cucumbers harvested and kept, the ponds are constantly supplemented with different specifications of seedlings. Under normal breeding conditions, an average of 6,000 to 8,000 stockings per year per 667 square meters (100 to 1,000 heads per kg of mixed stock of different specifications) can be cultivated, and the survival rate of the culture can reach about 50%. The average annual yield of fresh ginseng can be reached. 400kg, according to the average market price of 100 yuan / kg, the annual output value of 40,000 yuan, profits and taxes 25,000 yuan.
Key Techniques for High-yield and High-efficiency Cultivation of Sea Cucumber with Artificial Reefs
Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) is a echinoderm, which is mainly distributed in coastal areas of Liaoning, Hebei, and Shandong Provinces of China. Because of its delicious taste, rich nutrition, nourishing and high medicinal value, it has significant economic value. The market prospects are good. In recent years, extensive farming in the northern coastal areas has become a new industry for marine aquaculture. Now with the production practice, the main points of breeding techniques are as follows.