Vegetable extracts are active ingredients extracted from vegetables with a variety of benefits and applications
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1 Concept of healthy breeding Since China's shrimp aquaculture industry was seriously attacked by white spot syndrome (WSS) virus disease, a new concept of “healthy breeding†emerged in the domestic marine aquaculture sector in the mid to late 1990s. However, the concept of unanimous recognition has not yet been clearly established for healthy farming. Xu Qijia (2000) defined the definition of healthy breeding as follows: For the biological species that can be cultured, the industrialization of the diseases will not occur in the longer breeding time. He believes that the types of healthy culture should not be limited to only one species, but should include all kinds of aquatic animals that can be industrially cultivated; the diseases in the production process can not be limited to only one kind of disease such as a virus disease, and Should include a variety of diseases that affect industrial production; for the aquaculture production time of the disease, should not only look at one year two years or three years and five years, but should have a longer time frame. According to the above content requirements, the concept of Kang farming should be integrated (referring to the entire marine freshwater aquaculture industry), macroscopic and ecological connotation. Shi Wenlei (2000) believes that “healthy breeding†refers to the use of ecological principles of post-culture education to guide aquaculture production according to the biological characteristics of the cultured objects, that is to say, to create a good, rapid-growing ecology for the cultured objects. Environment, to provide adequate nutrient feed, to minimize the occurrence of diseases during growth and development, so that the production of food products without pollution, individual health, fresh meat, nutritious and natural fresh products equivalent. The author believes that "healthy breeding" refers to the healthy management of aquatic animals, plants, feeds, and water ecological environment that can be cultivated, so that the economical animals and plants that are cultivated can grow healthily, and ultimately produce no adverse effects on the human body in the long term. influences. Meet the nutritional needs of human aquatic products. In recent years, the research and application of genetically modified products, especially related to transgenic aquatic organisms, has gradually attracted the attention of domestic and foreign scholars and governments. Since China's first acquisition of genetically modified fish in 1985, there are two ongoing work on the safety assessment of genetically modified aquatic organisms in China: 1) Pilot study of the transfer of the “full fish†growth hormone gene and silver carp (Institute of Hydrobiology) ; 2) Biosafety evaluation of growth hormone gene enthalpy in S. cochinchinensis (Heilongjiang Fisheries Research Institute). This involves a biosafety issue that includes research and development. Safety issues throughout the entire process from production to actual use.
2 Genetically modified aquatic species management
2.1 Safety issues in the presence of genetically modified fish Genetically modified fish, like other genetically modified organisms, carry exogenous genes. After these artificially modified individuals are released in the environment, they may have different degrees of influence on genetic diversity and the diversity of biological communities and ecological environments, resulting in two major problems: First, genetic and ecological security, It is food safety. Specifically, safety issues need to be studied in the following aspects: 1) Biological background investigation of transgenic fish; 2) Safety of genetic manipulations; 3) Research on the new properties of transgenic receptors; 4) Investigation of water bodies of genetically modified transgenic fish ;5) Study on biogenetics and consumer safety of transgenic aquatic organisms.
2.2 Safety management of genetically modified aquatic fingerlings The current internationally recognized principle for the safety assessment of genetically modified products is the “substantive equivalence principle†proposed by the European Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1993. In the assessment process, genetically modified foods must have the same and comparable characteristics as traditional foods. The discrimination of these characteristics is based on the following characteristics: mutual genetic phenotypic characteristics: in plants, animals, including morphology, growth, reproduction, yield and resistance Sex, etc.; Microbiology, including taxonomy, infectivity, type of antibiotic resistance, etc.; 2) Comparison of ingredients: The main ingredients in foods such as key nutrients, toxic substances and allergenic substances, for many developed countries such as the United States. , Canada, Germany, Japan, Norway, etc., as well as developing countries such as the Philippines and Malaysia, have enacted and promulgated relevant laws and regulations. The American Biosafety Scientists Working Group developed in 1988 the assessment of the impact of genetic engineering organisms on ecology and human health. Manual. The Chinese government on genetically modified aquatics The issue of safety of the material attaches great importance to it. The State Science and Technology Commission promulgated the "Genetic Engineering Safety Management Regulations" in 1993. According to this, the Ministry of Agriculture promulgated the "Implementation Measures for the Safety Management of Agricultural Biological Gene Engineering" in 1996, which indicates that China has initially The safety management of agricultural biological genetic engineering has been integrated into the legalized and standardized management. However, due to the lack of research on the safety of genetically modified aquatic organisms and the fact that genetically modified aquatic fingerlings are still under research, laws and regulations specifically targeting genetically modified aquatic organisms It has not yet been promulgated. The current laws and regulations that can be referenced in China are based on comparative principles and abstractions. There are no quantitative standards and they are not easy to implement.
2.2. l Classification of safety levels According to the potential degree of risk of agricultural biogenetic engineering products and their products, safety assessment is divided into four levels. Safety level 1: There is no danger to human health and ecological environment; Safety level 2: Low risk to human health and ecological environment; Safety level 3: Moderate risk to human health and ecological environment; Safety level 4: Right Human health and ecological environment are highly dangerous. In the implementation of safety assessment, first determine the safety level of the recipient organism, determine the effect of genetic manipulation on its safety level, and then determine the degree of inheritance based on the level of safety of the recipient organism and the degree of influence of genetic manipulation on biosafety. Engineering safety level. The "Implementation Measures" is also accompanied by an appendix on the evaluation of safety, and the relevant safety assessment standards and declaration formats for genetic engineering bodies of aquatic organisms and their products have been formulated so that genetically modified aquatic fingerlings will follow the safety evaluation.
2.2.2 Application and Approval The entities engaged in genetic engineering work in China and abroad may report to the Ministry of Agriculture according to the level of safety of genetic engineering work, classification and classification, and may perform corresponding work after examination. The Ministry of Agriculture accepts the “Application Form for Safety Evaluation of Agricultural Biogenetic Engineering and its Products†twice a year. The deadlines are March 31 and September 30 of each year. The Ministry of Agriculture convenes the Agricultural Biological Genetic Engineering Safety Committee to carry out safety assessments on a case-by-case basis and issue safety approvals for agricultural biological genetic engineering to applicants within 3 months after each acceptance deadline. The approval letter will make an explicit approval on whether it has been approved, the safety level of approval, the time period, the place, scale, scope of the implementation, and preventive measures. The "Implementation Measures" stipulates that before the declaration of a variety, a genetic safety evaluation will be applied first. After the approval of a commercial production license for the safe price of a gene, the "seed law" will be applied to the relevant administrative department of the Ministry of Agriculture to apply for genetically modified aquatic species and species. Registration and validation of seedlings.
2.2.3 Safety Control Measures Units engaged in genetic engineering of agricultural organisms should be based on the safety level of genetic engineering work. Releasing the ecological environment at the site, defining safety control measures and preventing emergency measures. Safety measures include physical control, chemical control, biological control, environmental control, and scale control. At the same time, it is also necessary to formulate treatment wastes, storage facilities or sites that are compatible with the safety level. Safety control measures for the transfer or operation of agricultural biological genetic engineering bodies and their products, safety measures for laboratory, intermediate experiment and environmental release, and emergency measures for accidental proliferation accidents, etc.
3 Healthy breeding and disease prevention With the continuous advancement of the scientific level of biotechnology, the research on aquaculture has become more in-depth. At the same time, the biological characteristics of aquatic organisms have also been further studied, and aquaculture is gradually becoming healthier. The currently recognized healthy culture refers to the provision of suitable aquatic ecological environments or artificial water bodies for the healthy breeding of aquatic animals with high economic value, and healthy growth. At the same time, it provides nutritionally comprehensive and appropriate palatability feeds and strengthens disease. Prevention and treatment ultimately produce pollution-free aquatic products that meet the needs of humans. Unfortunately, due to the imperfection of management and the economic benefits of the producers, production is often contrary to the blind production of healthy culture. For example, the use of poor seedlings and healthy wood seedlings in the artificial seedling production operations resulted in significant losses to the producers who purchased such seedlings; improper management of the water body, serious pollution, etc. resulted in abnormal growth of the seedlings. , Or the quality of products such as nutrition and flavor drops or even a large number of death; lack of nutrients in feed, or the abuse of additives and illicit drugs, which may cause problems such as drug residues.
The prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases is mainly based on ecological control. Drug control and immune control are the main factors. Ecological control is based on the law of the growth and decline of pathogens, the causes of environmental changes, the physiological characteristics of aquaculture animals, ecological habits, and the relationship between aquaculture animals and the environment and pathogens, and take some appropriate measures to control the disease prevention and control methods. For example, raising grass carp fingerlings staggers their time at about 10 cm and coincides with the peak period of disease from August to September to control grass carp hemorrhage. Drug control is the simplest and most direct method for the prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases. It plays an important role in the prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases, such as the prevention and control of copper sulphate against the blister blister, and the clearing of drugs in ponds. Disinfection, drug treatment of seedlings, etc. Immune control is the use of specific and non-specific immune functions of aquaculture animals themselves, and vaccines, immune activators, and immune enhancers are used to obtain or enhance the immune function of farmed animals. In order to prevent and treat diseases of aquatic animals more effectively, combining the above three prevention and control methods together for comprehensive prevention and control is the development direction of disease prevention and control of aquatic animals. In the future, disease prevention and control in healthy farming will develop in the following aspects: breeding for disease resistance; development of diagnostic kits and expert diagnostic systems for aquatic animal diseases; development and application of biological fish medicines and microecological preparations; and “three-effects†(high efficiency, quick effect, long-term efficacy ) "Three small" (small toxicity, small side effects, small amount. Research and development of fish medicines. The use of aquatic drugs is still an important direction for prevention and control of aquatic animal diseases in the future. For aquatic product development, the following aspects can be Development: 1) narrow-spectrum antibiotics; 2) special drugs for aquatic products; 3) nutritional drugs that enhance the body functions of aquatic animals (such as immunopotentiators and hematogens).
4 Aquatic product quality quarantine and residues enhance the effective management and supervision of aquatic organisms and disease prevention and quarantine work and quality control, maximize the control of the spread of infectious diseases of farmed animals, and improve the quality of aquatic products. This has enabled us to enter the WTO and participate in domestic and international Market competition, the expansion of aquatic products trade, the protection of human food safety, and the promotion of the aquaculture industry's further development are all of great significance. Quarantine is an important countermeasure and measure for the prevention, control or eradication of aquaculture animals (fish, shellfish, shrimp, crab-based diseases). The main targets of quarantine are pathogenic microorganisms and parasites. On February 12, 1999, the Ministry of Agriculture issued Announcement No. 96, which published the list of animal disease epidemics of Class I, II, and III. Among them, there are 5 aquatic animal diseases, which are H animals. There are three kinds of diseases: viral hemorrhagic septicemia, carp viremia, shrimp baculovirus disease, there are two types of animal diseases in three types: infectious hematopoietic organ necrosis, fish mycosis. The aspect of aquatic product quality inspection is relatively wide. China is currently implementing the HACCP system. This is also to meet the needs of international participation in WID. At present, the aquatic products exported to the United States must be reviewed and reviewed by HACCP. The main testing scope is: Food Additives such as antioxidants and pigments; harmful substances such as pesticide residues from the environment or wood can avoid pollution such as DDT; pollutants Such as heavy metals, micro-organisms; and labels have clear criteria. With the globalization of production and trade, it is believed that the problem of drug residues can be gradually solved in the market.
5 Legal Provisions In order to ensure the healthy development of China's aquaculture industry, the Chinese government has promulgated the "Fisheries Law of the People's Republic of China", "The Animal Epidemic Prevention Law of the People's Republic of China" and "Administrative Measures on the Breeding of Aquatic Products" and it was in Beijing in July 1999. A "Seminar on Quarantine and Health Certification of Living Aquatic Animals in China" was held, and the "Guide to the quarantine of live aquatic animals in China" was drafted and passed. All provinces and municipalities responded and actively carried out quarantine inspections. Provinces and cities such as Tianjin, Jiangxi, Liaoning, and Jiangsu also successively promulgated the "Fish Management Regulations and Regulations." Tianjin drafted the "Tianjin Aquatic Product Seed Statutes" in 1998. Trial regulations. Among them, Article 18, paragraph 1, of the "Infectious Diseases Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates that the quarantine work of imported and exported seafood products shall be the responsibility of the animal and plant quarantine department of the Ministry of Agriculture.
The most basic legal basis for the certification of aquatic products currently carried out in China is the Standards Law of the People's Republic of China, the Product Quality Certification Management Article of the People's Republic of China and the Product Quality Law of the People's Republic of China, the latter two being about products. The basic legal norms of the two major categories of quality supervision and product quality responsibility. In addition, the People's Republic of China's Entry and Exit Animal and Plant Quarantine Act clearly stipulates the quarantine scope of China's animal and plant quarantine agencies, including aquatic products. According to the provisions of Article 18 of the Quarantine Law, the list of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases of Class 1 and Class 2 animals is formulated and published by the competent administrative department of agriculture under the State Council.
An overview of where vegetable extracts are heading
2. anti-inflammatory: some active ingredients in vegetable extracts have anti-inflammatory effects, which can reduce inflammatory reactions and relieve symptoms of diseases such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.
3. blood pressure lowering: certain vegetable extracts, such as garlic extract and tomato extract, have been shown to have a blood pressure lowering effect, which helps prevent hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
4. Lowering blood sugar: Some vegetable extracts, such as bitter melon extract and onion extract, have been found to lower blood sugar levels and help control diabetes.
5. Antibacterial: Some components in vegetable extracts have antibacterial properties, which can inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and viruses, and provide some protection against infections and diseases.
6. Beauty: Vitamins and antioxidants in vegetable extracts help protect the skin from free radical damage, promote collagen synthesis, and maintain skin elasticity and luster.
7. Nutritional supplement: Vegetable extracts can be used as dietary supplements, providing rich vitamins, minerals and fiber to supplement the nutrients lacking in the diet.
Healthy breeding of aquatic animals
In recent years, China's aquaculture industry has made great progress, and aquaculture production has continued to grow steadily. However, with the development of aquaculture and the intensification of aquaculture, the aquaculture environment has become increasingly degraded, the incidence of diseases has become higher and higher, and the hazards have become heavier. The quality of aquatic products has accordingly declined. Therefore, the problem of healthy breeding of aquatic animals has become the focus of attention.