Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss.ex Fr.) Karst. ], alias Ganoderma lucidum, wood fungus, fungus Ganoderma lucidum, red fungus, ten thousand years and so on. Ancient name is Seika. Subordinate to Basidiomycotina, Lamystrophy, Non-Pyricularia, Reishi, and Ganoderma. Ganoderma lucidum is distributed in most parts of China, such as Jilin, Shandong, Anhui, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Fujian. Ganoderma lucidum takes fruiting bodies, spores and mycelia. Ganoderma lucidum contains polysaccharides, peptides and a variety of amino acids, as well as steroids, triterpenoids, adenosine, alkaloids, terpenes, ascorbic acid and other ingredients. In addition contains a variety of trace elements, especially the high content of cerium. Ganoderma lucidum bitter, non-toxic nature. It has the effects of protecting the liver, filling the middle, benefiting qi and detoxifying. Indications neurasthenia, dizziness, insomnia, chronic hepatitis, pyelonephritis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, rhinitis, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, stomach, duodenal ulcer, diabetes embolism. Modern medical research shows that: Ganoderma lucidum and spore powder have a therapeutic effect on cancer and can enhance immunity.

(I) Morphological characteristics Ganoderma lucidum (Figure 13-1) consists of two major parts of mycelia and fruiting bodies. Hyphae is colorless, transparent, separated, branched, white or brown, 1 to 3 microns in diameter. The mycelium was white fluffy. The fruiting bodies consist of caps, stipe and sub-solid layers. Caps semicircular or kidney-shaped, 4 to 12 cm 3 to 20 cm, 0.5 to 2 cm thick, corky, yellow, reddish-brown, lustrous shell, ring ribbed and radial wrinkle. Stipes lateral, rarely partial, dark reddish brown or purple-brown. Bacteria meat nearly white to light brown, bacteria tube up to 0.2 to 1 cm, nearly white, and later become light brown. The beginning of the nozzle is white and the latter is brown. The spores are reddish-brown, ovate, truncate at one end, have smooth outer spore walls, rough inner spores, and a large oil drop in the center.

(b) Biological characteristics

1. The whole growth and development process of Ganoderma lucidum is as follows: The whole growth and charging process of Ganoderma lucidum is:
Bacillus spp.> Appropriate conditions> The mononuclear mycelium lock-associated binuclear mycelium specializes in the accumulation of dense fruiting bodies mature and shoots spores.
From the spores to the spores of the development process, that is, Ganoderma's life history.

2. Ganoderma growth and development requirements
(1) Nutrition Lingzhi is both a saprophytic and a facultative parasite. Ganoderma lucidum has a strong ability of decomposition and absorption of lignin, cellulose and other substances with wide adaptability. Most broad-leaved trees and sawdust, leaves, crop stalks, cottonseeds, corn cobs, etc., together with appropriate amounts of wheat bran or bran All can be used as a raw material for the medium.
(2) Temperature Ganoderma lucidum is a kind of high-temperature fungus that can grow between 15-35°C, and the suitable temperature is 25-30°C. The fruiting bodies can grow in the range of 10-32°C, but the optimum temperature for primordial differentiation and fruit body development is 25-28°C. Below 25°C, the fruiting body grows slowly and the husks have poor color. Above 35°C, the fruit body will die. (3) Humidity Growth of Ganoderma lucidum requires higher humidity. Hyphae growth period, the required medium moisture content of 55% to 60%, air relative humidity of 70% to 80%. During the development of fruit bodies, the relative humidity of air is required to be between 90% and 95%. If it is less than 80%, the fruit body will grow poorly, and the young growing point on the edge of the cap will become dark gray or dark brown.
(4) Air Ganoderma lucidum is an aerobic fungus that requires fresh air throughout its growth and development. Especially the growth stage of fruiting bodies is more sensitive to carbon dioxide. When the carbon dioxide content in the air increases to 0.1%, the fruiting bodies cannot open the umbrella and grow into antler-like branches. When the content reaches 1%, the fruit body develops abnormally, without any tissue differentiation, resulting in malformation.
(5) Illumination Ganoderma lucidum is very sensitive to light in the process of growth and development. Light has a significant inhibitory effect on mycelium growth. The darkest conditions have the fastest growth rate. When the illumination increases to 3000 lux, the growth rate is only under full darkness conditions. Half of it. The growth and development of fruiting bodies is indispensable for light. At 1500-5000 lux, the stipe and caps grow rapidly, thick and thick.
(6) Acidity and alkalinity Ganoderma lucidum prefers to live in a partially acidic environment, requiring a pH range of 3 to 7.5, and an optimum pH of 5 to 6.

(III) Cultivation techniques Ganoderma lucidum cultivation methods mainly include bottle planting, bag planting and section wood cultivation.

1. The species production of Ganoderma lucidum parent species often uses tissue separation to obtain pure female species. Select young tissues that have not been corky. Under aseptic conditions, Ganoderma lucidum tissue blocks were surface sterilized in a 0.1% Hg solution, treated for 2 minutes, rinsed with sterile water, and wiped dry with sterile gauze. The outer shell of the fruiting body was cut with a scalpel, and the bacteria meat was cut into small pieces, inoculated in a slant medium, placed in a dark condition, and the test tube was filled with mycelium for 10 days, which was a pure mother seed. Can be used to expand the transfer of the original species. The spring planting is inoculated in mid-late of May, and the original species is planted in mid-late April; the autumn planting is cultivated in August and the original plant is established in July. Duanmu inoculation is generally conducted in the spring of April.

2. There are many types of medium suitable for cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum, and only the most commonly used ones will be introduced.
(1) 77% of miscellaneous wood chips, 18% of wheat bran, 3% of corn flour, 1% sucrose, and 1% of gypsum powder.
(2) 50% of bagasse, 48% of wood chips, 1% of soybean powder, and 1% of gypsum powder.
(3) 44% cottonseed husk, 44% of miscellaneous wood chips, 5% bran, corn flour 5%, sucrose 1%, gypsum powder 1%.
(4) 45% of corn cob, 45% of mixed wood chips, 8% of bran, 1% of soybean powder, and 1% of gypsum powder.

3. Cultivation method
(1) Bottles 750 g, 4 cm caliber bottles, jars or cans can also be used.
1 Mix the bottled main ingredient and auxiliary materials, etc., mix well, dissolve the sugar in water, gradually add the material and mix thoroughly, add 140-160 kilograms of water per 100 kilograms of dry material, and grasp a small amount of fingers in the hand tightly. Water drops are appropriate. Use unarmed or bottling machine for dispensing, requiring moderate elasticity, until it is 1 cm away from the bottle mouth, flattened, the center is punched with cypress to the bottom of the bottle, the bottle mouth and bottle wall dirt are washed, and the bottle mouth is wrapped with kraft paper. .
2 Sterilization Inoculation is carried out at 100°C at atmospheric pressure for 8 to 12 hours, autoclave at 121°C and hold for 1.5 hours. After cooling, bacteria are introduced under aseptic conditions. Then put into the training room, control the temperature 25 °C, indoor relative humidity controlled at 70% or less. The culture chamber is kept dark to facilitate mycelial growth. After 20 days of bacterial culture, when the mycelium grows to 1/2 bottle, the sealing paper can be removed and moved to the physical chamber. At this time the temperature 25 ~ 28 °C, relative humidity increased to 90% ~ 95%, keep the air fresh, enhance diffuse light. The cap is continuously growing until the white growth circle around it disappears, which means that it stops growing and expanding, but it can still be thickened. The fruiting body forms a tube of bacteria and ejects red-brown spores.
(2) The bag planting process is similar to the bottle planting process except that it uses a polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride plastic bag and is placed about 10 cm away from the bag mouth. The bag is closed, the plastic collar is set, and the tampon is added. Sterilize and inoculate culture under sterile conditions. When the mycelium grows to about 1/2 of the bag, the tampon and collar are pulled out, exposing the material surface and letting it out. Be careful not to open the bag too early to prevent the mycelium from drying out and affecting the fruiting body.
(3) Wood cultivation of broad-leaved trees such as eucalyptus, eucalyptus, and birch is selected. The tree age is 7 to 10 years, and the diameter of trees is 6 to 15 cm.
(1) Cutting the cuttings The cuttings are carried out after the fall to the bud before the leap year. Do not damage the bark when cutting. Saw into sections before inoculation, immersed in water for 12 to 15 hours, increase the water content to facilitate the fungus.
(2) Perforated inoculation is carried out with a belt punch installed on the inoculation hammer, and the diameter is about 9.6 to 10 mm. The inoculation gun is used to insert the bacteria, then the hole is sealed with a bark cover, and the inoculation is selected to be sunny. Punched holes, inoculated, and sealed the hole.
(3) The germs are stacked in a "well" shape with a height of about 1 meter. The bottom is filled with stones or waste wood. The temperature in the heap is required to be controlled at 20°C or more and 28°C or less. When the temperature is high at noon on sunny days, the membrane should be ventilated. Cool down. Each week, the wood is turned up and down, inside and outside, and promotes even bacteria. After about 30 days, the inoculation hole and the bark were covered with hyphae and germination was over.
(4) Bacterial cultivation of buried soil and fruiting bodies are well-selected for drainage. There is a bed of water under the shade of water or trees. The trampoline is 1.2 meters wide and 20 cm deep. The wood was discharged horizontally in a bed of bacteria, with a 5 cm section of wood. The wood gap was filled with a fine loam soil without impurities, and then the soil was covered with 2 cm of soil. The shelter is 60 centimeters high from the bed of the fungus. Covered with thin grass curtains, the cover is covered with a film to prevent direct light and heavy rain. During this time, reduce the water supply and keep the bacteria for about 30 days. When there are yellow-white hyphae on the cross-sections of the segment wood, the hyphae will enter the stage of fruiting body, increase the humidity of the space, spray water 1 or 2 times in sunny days, and keep the soil moist. In early July, sub-entities began one after another. The second year from May to July is booming, and there are still fruiting bodies in the third year.

(D) Harvesting When the white growth circle disappears around the cap, the whole cap is reddish-brown, and when brown powdery spores appear, the fruit body can be removed. It usually takes about 50 to 60 days from inoculation to harvesting. After harvesting, it is dried on a bamboo screen and dried at low temperature. To collect spore powder can be collected using the bagging method or the shelf closing method, and then the fruiting bodies are extracted.

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