First, vitamin deficiency causes illness: 1, lack of vb1 can lead to loss of balance of fish feel, body darkening and other symptoms. 2. The lack of vb2 can cause fish crystal lens opacity and rotten fin disease. It has been reported that albinism in gums is related to the content of vb2. 3. When vb6 is absent, it can cause neurological symptoms such as spasms and swimming abnormalities in fish. It can also cause the spine to bend. It has also been reported that when the balance between vb6 and protein is destroyed, the fish's resistance to disease decreases. 4, vc, also known as ascorbic acid, when it is lacking, can cause fish spine abnormalities, spinal curvature. Vc is related to the biosynthesis of collagen and gonadal steroid hormones, so it plays an important role in the development of the gonadal development, spawning and hatching rate of fish, as well as the suppression of lipid peroxidation, and it also helps to alleviate various problems. Excited state, improve the role of disease resistance and immunity. Vc is related to the synthesis of several substances, vc is involved in the cross-linking effect of the crustacean protein and benzoquinone to form the hardened layer of the outermost layer of the crust, so the prawns will suffer from melasma and black shank disease in the absence of vc. If the prevention of shrimp black shank, adding 0.1% of vc in the feed can prevent the development of the disease. 5. In the absence of va, typical symptoms include bleeding from the eyes, prominent eyes, and abnormal lids. However, if va is excessive, abnormal symptoms such as skeletal and juvenile fishes such as rainbow trout, carp, and gum can also be caused. 6. As far as vd is concerned, because fish can absorb calcium directly from water through the earthworm, the current research is still lacking. However, it has been reported that some scholars have observed larvae and juveniles of sweet fish with artificial micro-particle feeds lacking vd, and can observe a variety of malformed fish. 7, ve is the main antioxidant in animals, when it is lacking, there may be a variety of deficiencies, but the main symptoms are obvious, the back of the fish thin. It is referred to as "nutritional muscular disorder group" on pathology. This is because fish ingest feeds containing oxidized fat, resulting in oxidized fat poisoning and ve deficiency. Severe spine bending can also occur. The study found that ve is related to the immune response and stress ability of fish. When ve is lacking in feed, the disease resistance of fish is significantly reduced. 8, nicotinic acid, also known as niacin, when the lack of feed can cause fish skin bleeding, increased mortality. 9. Pantothenic acid is also known as polyacid. When it is lacking, it can lead to rod-shaped disease in fish bracts. Second, the factors affecting fish intake: 1. Impact of feed ingredients: The origin, fertilization, and harvest of crops will affect their content and thus affect the amount of vitamins added to fish feed. Unsaturated fatty acids in feeds increase ve consumption. Another example is that va is abundant in green plants and young plants, while the contents of aging plants are small; ve is abundant in mature corn, and the content of maize harvested in immature is greatly reduced. If maize with water content of 13% is used as the carrier of vb1, vc and vk, after 4 months of storage, 60% of the titer is destroyed. Another example is that some raw materials contain lipoxygenase, which will destroy the activity of va, ve. 2. Effects of processing and storage methods: The vast majority of vitamins are subject to varying degrees of damage during processing and storage. Factors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, lipase content, type and amount of trace elements, and ph value may all impair the activity of vitamins in feed and reduce the vitamin content. In the granulation process of granulated feed, the granulation temperature and the extrusion temperature all affect the potency of vitamins to varying degrees. 3, the impact of the fish itself: the fish can not synthesize vc, choline, inositol and nicotinic acid, they must be added * feed, and the amount of vitamins is much larger than other vitamins. In addition, different fish, different living conditions, and different stages of growth have different needs for the types and quantities of vitamins. Water-based fish need about 15 kinds of vitamins; while cold-water fish need 15 kinds of vitamins, they also need para-aminobenzoic acid. 4. Effects of diseases and stress: As the degree of intensification increases, the stocking density increases, and the growth rate increases, the fish are in different stress states, resulting in changes in the demand for microbes for fish. The occurrence of disease will lead to changes in the enzyme activity of fish. This requires a change in the amount of vitamin supplements. At the same time, the parasites and bacteria in the intestine often damage their normal absorption functions, and compete with the use of vitamins, and the elimination and degradation of toxins produced by viruses and bacteria in the body can lead to the need for vitamins. Change. The addition of vitamins, especially vc and ve, can reduce fish stress and shorten treatment time. 5, vitamins and vitamins and additives to add vitamins should pay attention to the interaction between them, for some vulnerable to destruction of vitamins should use the envelope preparation. The presence of trace elements is an important reason for the loss of vitamin stability. For example, trace elements such as fe, cu, and va, vd, ve, vb12, vc, etc., will accelerate the destruction of these vitamins. Choline absorbs moisture and causes damage to other vitamins. Therefore, it should not be mixed directly with vitamins; vc can not be mixed with other vitamins, and can not be directly mixed with inorganic salts. Therefore, in formulating the nutritional formula of fish vitamins, the combined effects of the above factors should be fully taken into account in accordance with the nutritional needs of fish, seasonal changes, environmental and physiological conditions, so that vitamin formulations are more suitable for production needs. SICHUAN UNIWELL BIOTECHNOLOGY CO.,LTD. , https://www.uniwellbio.com
Effects of vitamins on ornamental fish
Vitamins are different from amino acids and carbohydrates, and their requirements are minimal. Moreover, fish and shrimps themselves cannot be synthesized and they are mainly consumed from feeds. Vitamins are indispensable microelements for maintaining the growth and development of fish and promoting metabolism. The symptoms of fish due to vitamin deficiency vary according to the type of fish. Vitamins are classified as water-soluble and fat-soluble, and water-soluble vitamins include aminobenzoic acid, vb1, vb2, vb6, choline, pantothenic acid, nicotinic acid, inositol, biotin, vb12, folic acid, and vc; fat-soluble vitamins Including va, vd, ve, vk and so on. The following are the factors affecting vitamin deficiency and its requirement.