Xianli No. 1 is a new breed of Pear grown from the selection and breeding of the Western Fine Agricultural Research and Development Corporation. The characteristics of its varieties are as follows: (1) It matures early, generally matures from early July to mid-July; (2) Quality Excellent, tender meat, crunchy, juicy, sweet, small fruit, about 12% of soluble solids; (3) good commercial quality, large and uniform fruit shape, through a reasonable fruit thinning, fruit size, fruit shape high The garden is finished and double bagged, the fruit surface is bright and clean yellow, the appearance of the United States; (4) good yield, strong tree vigor, Shuzi upright, easy to form flower buds, fruit set rate, management, two years old, three years Benefits are generally welcomed by producers and consumers. In 2001, it was rated as a precocious and high quality variety in the south by the Ministry of Agriculture's Quality Agricultural Products Service Center.
In order to promote and improve the cultivation level of Xianli No. 1, the cultivation techniques with high quality and high yield as its main content are introduced as follows:
First, high standards to build the park
1, garden choice. Xianli No.1 has strong adaptability and can be planted in all kinds of soils, but it is better to choose soil with loose soil, deep soil layer, convenient irrigation and drainage, low groundwater level, and high fertility fields.
2, suitable for planting. It is advisable to plant from late November to mid-December. Planting in the early winter, high ground temperature, and quick healing of root wounds of pear seedlings are conducive to early rooting and early budding, which will help improve the survival rate and produce early spring seedlings.
3, high quality seedlings. Selection of pure varieties, one year strong seedlings. Plant height 120 cm or more, more than 0.8 cm diameter above 10 cm above the grafting interface, growth is straight, full buds sprouting, no pest damage, planting seedlings with well-developed roots. Pollination varieties crown, fragrance, yellow flowers and so on.
4, rational dense planting. The plant spacing is 32 meters, and 111 plants per acre are planted in north-south direction.
5, big hole full fat. According to the planting density, the planting points were marked, and the planting points were taken as the center to excavate the planting points. The rice field field was 80 cm wide, 40-50 cm deep, 80 cm wide and deep in the dry field, and conditional excavation could be carried out. Row. Topsoil and bottom soil are placed separately on the two sides of the planting hole (row). The hole applies 25-50 kilograms of organic manure, 1 kilogram of superphosphate, and the organic fertilizer is evenly mixed with the subsoil to backfill the middle layer of the hole.
6, deep trenches. After the application of organic fertilizer, the site was opened for ditching, and the earthworms were used as a turtle-shaped deep trench sorghum.
7, seedling processing. Before planting pruning pear seedling roots, cut off the wound, the roots of the fold, the main root properly trimmed, cut to the main root dew can be beneficial to the new root germination; remove the grafted interface film; such as long-distance transportation, or Qimiao for several days yet to come The planted seedlings should be kept moist, and should be soaked in water for several hours before they are mixed.
8, planting quality. Before the planting, the planting center was used as the center to make a planting hole with a diameter of 40 cm and a depth of 20 cm. The bottom was a head-shaped planting hole. The seedlings were placed in the center of the hole, the root system was naturally stretched, and the landscape was vertical and horizontal, and the topsoil was filled in. After Feng Bengyi gently raise the roots, the root system and the soil are closely joined, and then practical. The depth of planting is preferably equal to the ground level of the original soil mark of the seedlings. After the seed is irrigated, the water is infiltrated and the soil is reconstituted. Promote the use of 11 meters of plastic film covering the roots to increase the temperature and promote hair roots.
9, after the planted dry. Drying height 5 cm II, scientific fertilization
1, base fertilizer. Basal fertilizer is the most important primary fertilizer for pear tree fertilization. The purpose is to provide basic fertilizers for the pear tree growth, development, and flowering results, as well as to improve soil physical and chemical properties to improve soil fertility. Basal fertilizer is mainly composed of high-quality decomposed organic fertilizers, with appropriate amount of phosphorus fertilizer and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer. During the period of fertilization, it is generally considered that the basal fertilization is more effective than the winter and spring treatments, and it is applied between September and October after the fruit is harvested. It is beneficial to the absorption of nutrients in the fall of the year and improve the nutrient storage of the tree, which is more conducive to the flowering, fruit setting and the growth and development of new shoots in the coming year. The amount of fertilizer, young tree strains applied 20-30 kilograms of organic fertilizer, the results of the tree strain applied about 50 kg, plus 1 kg of superphosphate. Fertilization method. Commonly used methods are ring groove, radial groove, strip groove, hole and other methods used interchangeably. The depth of the ditch is about 40 centimeters. It is advisable to mix the decomposed organic fertilizer with the topsoil and fill it into the trench to cover the soil. The conditional watering can be applied to make the soil fertility early and the fertilizer effect will be exerted.
2, top dressing. During the various phenological phases of pear trees, the necessary fertilizers must be promptly replenished when they cannot meet the demand. In particular, orchards with poor planting or poor soil fertility are particularly important. It is generally divided into four major needs of the fertilizer.
1 sprout fertilizer. About 10 days before germination, the topdressing fertilizer is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, and the amount of fertilization is appropriately larger to meet the needs of sprouting, flowering, fertilization, and fruit setting of pears, and the consumption of large amounts of nutrients when new shoots are formed at the new shoots. Each compound fertilizer 300-500 grams of flushing 30-50 kg catch up.
2 After flowering, flower buds or flower buds have to catch fertilizer in the early stage of differentiation. The main purpose of topdressing is to promote the growth of new shoots. The enlargement of leaves will create favorable conditions for the development of fruits, and it will prevent excessive fruit loss caused by insufficient nutrients. This fertilizer should be applied before the shoots grow long after the shoot is still fresh, and nitrogen fertilizer is still the main application. The amount should not be too much and the time should not be too late. If there is sufficient fertilizer during flowering period and the tree is strong, the amount of fruit can be applied properly, but instead of catching fertilizer before physiological differentiation of flower buds (usually in late May to early June), the new shoots will stop growing and the flower buds will soon differentiate. Catching up with fertilizers is beneficial to supplement the nutrients needed for flower buds.
3 fruit enlargement and fertilizer. 20-30 days before harvest (early July) This time the growth of the catch fertilizer promotes the growth, enhances the absorption function, darkens the leaf color, increases the leaf assimilation, promotes fruit enlargement, improves quality and flower bud differentiation. The top dressing is mainly potash fertilizer, supplemented with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.
4 post-harvest fertilizer. Pear fruit harvested before defoliation is the storage period of pear trees. This time, the main fertilizer was to increase the leaf color, increase the photosynthetic function, prolong the life span of the leaves, enrich the shoots and buds, and increase the nutrient accumulation of the tree. Fertilizers are dominated by nitrogen fertilizers combined with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers.
The number of fertilizers to be chased above, the amount of fertilizer used, can be used according to the number of basal fertilizers, the growth of trees, the status of the results, the weather conditions, and flexibility. The method of catching fertilizer is basically the same as that of basal fertilizer, and the fertilizer can be applied to a depth of 20 cm. Juvenile trees should master the principle of thin-fertilizer. From March to July, top-dressing 4-5 times, each compound fertilizer 100-150 grams.
3, outside the top dressing, also known as foliar fertilizer. It is a method of fertilizing the fertilizer into low-concentration solutions, spraying them onto branches, leaves, and fruits, and then being absorbed into the plants. This is an assisted fertilization method, which is characterized by economical simplicity and obvious effects, and is not easily fixed by soil. If urea is sprayed on the leaves, it can be absorbed in large quantities within a few hours, 80% can be attracted within 24 hours, and the color of leaves is significantly darkened after 2-3 days. The best results are obtained when the following conditions are applied: when the flowering period, fruit enlargement period require a large amount of nutrients, the roots have poor post-moving ability, and the absorption is insufficient. In order to enhance the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves and improve the quality and life span of the leaves, the soil When the supply of trace elements is insufficient or easily fixed by the soil, and it is not easily absorbed by the roots, the winter seasonal storage of nutrients is small, and when the early spring sprouts are debilitating, the deterioration of the trees due to natural disasters is in urgent need of restoration. The top-dressing fertilizer is mainly carried out in the growing season. The fertilizer solution is sprayed on the back of the leaves. Strong back suction ability, can not be ignored when spraying. From the new leaves to the July-August period, the leaves had the most vigorous life, the strongest absorption ability, and the best spraying effect. The foliar fertilizer spraying concentration differs according to whether the pear tree has no wind breeding period. Generally before and after the Xiehua, the leaves are tender and the concentration is low. Later, the concentration may be slightly higher, and the leaves may be aged later. The concentration can be higher. The weather is best when it is sunny and windless when sprayed. Spraying time is better than before 10 o'clock in the morning and after 4 o'clock in the afternoon.
Extra-root topdressing is sometimes used during dormancy. If the zinc deficiency is corrected, it can be dried with 0.5% zinc sulfate before germination.
The suitable concentrations of additional fertilizers during the out-of-root phase are effects of urea sprouting, leaf spreading, flowering, and post-harvest addition of fruits to increase fruit set, promote growth, increase leaf color, extend leaf life, and increase photosynthetic efficiency.
Potassium hydrogen phosphate fruit enlargement period improves pear fruit quality.
Potassium sulphate physiological fruit reduction before the promotion of fruit growth, improve fruit quality, increase flower bud formation, and extend life.
Zinc Sulfate May to June Prevents Deficiency of Zinc Ferrous Sulfate When Yellow Leaf Disease Is Found Preventing Iron-Deficient Boric Acid from Germination to Flowering before Flowering Increase Fruit Setting Rate Borax (cannot use industrial borax) 20 days after blooming and post-flowering A black pear disease prevention and control. 1
Third, fruit thinning, bagging and fruit thinning and bagging techniques are the key to the quality cultivation of Xianli No.1.
1, thinning fruit. The correct use of fruit thinning is an important measure to make the tree a reasonable burden, regulate the size of the year, and provide normal nutritional conditions for the normal growth of pear fruit. Xianli No. 1 is a precocious variety, and fruit thinning should be carried out early. It should be carried out about 20 days after Xiehua. Generally every 20-25 cm reserved for a fruit stand, thinning fruit should be selected excellent, depending on the strength of the tree, branches, each fruit Taiwan to stay 1-2 fruit handle long and thick, fruit shape is correct, no pests and young fruit.
2, bagging. Bagging is an important technical measure to reduce the damage of pear fruit pests and pesticides, improve the appearance quality, improve the quality, increase the rate of excellent fruit, and increase the commodity rate. Paper bags should be selected from 16-18 cm wide, 18-21 cm long, light yellow outer layer, black pear fruit special bag, bagging should be clear in the size of the fruit, thinning fruit to complete, spray insecticide after Glove bag, bagging increased late fruit, poor color appearance. If the bagging operation is not completed within 10 days after spraying, the remaining pear fruit should be sprayed and then bagged. Pest control water and pesticide powder pesticides, avoid spray emulsion. Put the hand into the bag when bagging, hold the other hand on the bottom of the bag, open the bag mouth, and then put the fruit into the bag, and tightly seal the bag mouth with a sealing card (iron sheet, iron wire) On fruit pedicles, a fruit set of a bag, not a bag of two fruits.
4. Pruning and erecting of tree branches and erection, and tree vigors tend to be prosperous. Early results will be put into production under close-growing planting conditions with 32-meter spacing, and early yields and crowns will be improved naturally. The main shaping techniques are:
1, is set at a height of about 50 cm, before budding eradication of the bud with the following plastic, in order to facilitate tree-shaped dwarf, early formation of three major branches.
2. For the growing branches of the current year, regardless of whether the stem branches or not, the angle shall be pulled to 70 degrees before the end of June. During winter pruning, continue to adjust to maintain a sharp angle of 60-70 degrees. Practice has shown that pulling techniques not only eases the tree vigor, but also promotes flower bud differentiation, leading to early results, and the quality of the fruit is improved due to the improvement of the tree's lighting conditions. Therefore, the Cuiguan Pear branch work is the most important pruning work in the early fruit period, and it is also the main technical measure for the early results and high-quality cultivation of this variety. Based on the summer pruning work that is based on the practice of pulling branches, the winter pruning focuses on the short cuts of the three major branches, and the rest of the branches are generally long and not cut. With the expansion of the canopy and the increase in the number of results, it is possible to increase the length of short-term efforts in order to control the outward shift of the results, so that there will be sufficient new branches each year, achieving high-quality, high-yield and stable production for successive years.
V. Major Diseases and Pest Control Pear diseases such as rust, scab, ring rot, and dry rot are the major diseases of pear trees. In insect pests, the harmful insect pests are scarabs, pears, caterpillars, moths, pear nets, pears, red spiders, etc. The fruit pests are: P. grandiflora, P. edulis, P. elegans, P. citri, P. sinensis, P. erythrocephala, P. gracilis. Branch pests are: Pear Jinyuanjiding, pear moth, pear wasp, Xingtianni, pear eye Tianni and so on. Comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases of pear trees is to combine the use of agricultural, chemical, biological, physical, and phytosanitary measures in an organic manner to minimize the risk of diseases and insect pests and reduce the pollution of pesticides to fruits and the environment. Its main content has the following aspects:
1. Agricultural Measures 1 Cultivate healthy and disease-free seedlings. When introducing seedlings, strict quarantine must be implemented.
2 Strengthen the management of pear orchards, deep-turning and improving soil, deep-groove sorghum, increasing organic fertilizers, increasing tree vigor, and improving the ability of trees to resist pests and diseases.
3 Clean the orchard and scrape off branches and spots during the winter dormancy period. Appearance, rough skin, clear diseased branches, diseased leaves, concentrated burning, reduce the source of diseases and insects.
4 Reasonable pruning to improve air and light conditions in the pear garden.
5 timely bagging, protect the fruit.
2, physical control, the use of vibration frequency of light-fast pests or rust killing of insecticidal lamps, for the chemotaxis of pests with vinegar rust.
3, biological control, protection and use of natural enemies, reduce the base number of insects; the use of microbial pesticides and insect pheromones rust catch or interfere with male adults, hinder their normal mating.
4. Chemical prevention and control, based on the understanding of the types of diseases and pests in the pear orchard, and on the basis of the regularity of its occurrence, do a good job of forecasting, use targeted broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, low-toxicity, low-residue pesticides, and promptly prevent and reduce the base number and control damage. .
Pear Tree Production Anniversary Pest Control Calendar
1. Qingyuan (from the first half of December to the second of this year), collect and cut off the branches and branches of the pests and branches, scrape the ring spots on the tree trunks, and burn them in a concentrated manner; deepen the orchard to ripen the soil, and use the low-lying winter season. All types of pests that have been buried underground have been killed; 5 lime-sulfur mixture was sprayed before germination.
2, 20 days before flowering (about the end of March), prevention of aphids, beetles, scab, rust and so on. 1% of Haizheng exterminate worms 2000 times +12.5% ​​wolfberry fruit 2000-3000 times, with 5% purple moon granules 2 kg Sasashi pear shallow ground into the soil to prevent winter beetles and other underground pests.
3, after flowering (about the beginning of April) continue to control aphids, scab, ringworm disease and rust. 1% of Haizheng exterminate insects 2000 times or 10% of the net 1500-2000 times and +12.5 times Guoli 2000-3000 times.
4. Young fruit period (about the end of April to the middle of the month), prevention of pests such as aphids, big borer bugs, pear hibiscus, beetles, pear nettles, etc., and diseases such as scab, melasma, and rotenstein, every 15 The days of spraying DuPont Fuxing 8000-10000 times or in the high 4000-7000 times or douguoli 2000-3000 times +90% DuPont Wanling 2000-3000 times. When the size of the young fruit is clear, it is timely bagged and the insecticide is used before the bagging. The beginning of May is a good insecticidal lamp that kills phototaxis insects.
5, fruit enlargement period (20-30 days before harvest), prevention and control of red spider, moth, pear nettle, beetles and other pests and various diseases, use the 2000-3000 times of the prevention and control of red spider spider mite, choose to capture 1000 times faster To prevent and treat scutellaria leaf moth and noctuid moth, we used hibiscus net to prevent and treat pear wood worm, beetle beetle, borer worm, and stink bug, etc. A variety of pests could be mixed and used as needed, and sprayed surface fertilizer. Continue to use bactericides, Shigao, Dupont Fuxing and other fungicides to prevent and treat diseases.
6. Fruit harvesting period (mid-mid-August), pay close attention to the development of timely control of various pests and diseases. Get enough organic fertilizer.
7, fruit harvest period (from late August to November), pay close attention to the occurrence and development of various pests and diseases timely prevention and treatment. Meet organic fertilizer application as soon as possible.
Six, fruit harvesting
1. Proper harvesting and timely harvesting are an important part of improving the quality of fruit. The harvest time should be determined according to climate, local environment, species characteristics, and market demand. Cuiguan pear should grasp the skin from dark green to light green or yellowish, the meat quality changes from crude to fine and brittle, from light to sweet when eating, and the seeds turn from light to light brown, which can be used as the starting standard for harvesting. Pears should master dark green to light brown. Do not harvest too early, affect the quality of the fruit caused by the decline in the product rate.
2. Harvesting methods The general principle of fruit picking is: to ensure that the fruit is intact, but also to prevent breakage of fruit branches, to ensure the harvest in the coming year and to avoid affecting the output of the next year. Harvest fruit blue, soft cloth around the bottom of the fruit basket, spread the cloth, careful operation when harvesting, pay attention to light, try to avoid mechanical damage, keep the fruit intact.
The order of fruit picking should be from the outside to the inside and from the bottom up. Pay attention to the bottom of the fruit when picking the fruit. The thumb and forefinger urge the upper part of the fruit shank to be picked up. Fruit picking should not be carried out when it is raining or when the dew water is not dry. Avoid water droplets on the fruit surface, which can easily cause rot. It is generally recommended that the morning dew is dry, and that it is better to harvest after the fine weather noon or after 4pm.
3. Grading Treatment In order to increase the commodity value of the pear fruit, it should be selected and graded according to the size, color, disease, pest and mechanical damage of the fruit after harvest. Through grading, the specifications of the pear fruit are consistent, the grades are clear, and it is easy to pack and transport. Pear and fruit grading standards may vary depending on the variety. For Cuiguan Pear, based on the fruit shape, good maturity, no pest damage, no mechanical damage, based on the size of the fruit to carry out grading packaging sales.

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