In the past 20 years, the aquaculture industry in China has developed rapidly and has achieved encouraging results. China’s total output of meat, eggs, and poultry continues to be the first in the world. It has made tremendous contributions to improving the living standards of our people, adjusting people’s dietary structure, and increasing farmers’ income. However, inevitably, a large number of “public hazards from livestock production” have arisen. Animals and poultry excrement and aquaculture sewage are arbitrarily dumped and discharged. The environment is deteriorating in the areas where the farms are concentrated, and even a fecal odor has occurred. Flies are flying all over the sky and there are indirect ways. Water, soil and other pollution. According to the excretion of feces, the excretion of one pig is equivalent to the excretion of two people, and the excretion of BOD5 is equal to 13 pigs of one pig. According to China's 520 million pigs in 1999, the fecal excretion and BOD5 excretion were equivalent to 1.04 billion people and 6.76 billion people respectively; the fecal excretion and BOD5 excretion of one chicken were equivalent to The feces output of 0.1 and 0.68 people was calculated based on 3 billion chickens raised in China in 1999. The fecal excretion and BOD5 excretion were equivalent to the excretion of 300 million people and 2.04 billion people, respectively. Coupled with the excrement of other livestock and poultry such as ducks, geese, and cattle, the number of people can be imagined. The treatment of livestock and poultry excrement has become a burden for the intensive aquaculture industry, and the control of the farm environment has reached an imminent point.

1 The farm's regional concentration has increased the pressure on the local environment

Due to the implementation of the "Cai Lanzi" project and the gradual intensification and industrialization of the aquaculture industry, coupled with the current industrial restructuring and implementation of the "Livestock Husbandry Project," livestock and poultry farming is gradually concentrated in suburban areas and industrial and mining areas. Statistics show that in 1998, there were more than 1,000 large and medium-sized livestock and poultry farms (ie, over 100 heads of cattle, 1,000 pigs, and more than 10,000 chickens) on the outskirts of Shanghai. Among them, 57,500 heads of dairy cattle were raised, and the end of pigs was 242.79. Million heads, 4.6 million heads were listed throughout the year; poultry had 33.89 million feathers at the end of the year, and 16.124 million birds were listed throughout the year. It has been estimated that the annual excretion of animal and poultry waste (cultured sewage) in the city is equivalent to 17 million people. If calculated according to BOD5, the BOD5 excretion of livestock and poultry in the city is equivalent to the excretion of 30 million people. In addition, the proportion of livestock and poultry manure as agricultural fertilizers has dropped drastically, and a large amount of manure has been produced and discharged and discarded at any time and anywhere without harmless treatment. The pollution of livestock and poultry manure to the environment has been increasing year by year. And its own environment has caused great pressure. The large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and mineral elements in the untreated livestock wastes and the malodorous gases such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide produced by them greatly deteriorate the quality of the air, water and soil, destroy the ecological balance, and the living organisms The body has caused great harm, and some are even devastating. The environmental protection department has found that due to incomplete environmental protection facilities, the pollution generated by the breeding industry has become an important source of environmental pollution. In addition, most aquaculture employees have weak environmental protection awareness, the state does not provide sufficient governance, and aquaculture pollution is rampant. No one is interested. Although relevant departments have already formulated some laws, regulations and measures to control aquaculture pollution, they have not been implemented. The implementation is not enough and the effect is still not obvious. The environmental situation in the farms and their surrounding areas is still severe.

2 Harms of the farm to the environment

The environmental control of the farm mainly includes two aspects: First, control the farm environment from external influence and pollution; Second, prevent farms from causing adverse effects and pollution on themselves and the surrounding environment. This article gives an analysis of the latter. The pollution of farms to the environment includes toxic and harmful gases, dust, pathogenic microorganisms, noises, and organics and minerals that have not been digested and absorbed by animals. The main reason for this is due to improper handling of farmed sewage, to the atmosphere, to water bodies, Soil pollution. Farmed manure includes livestock manure, waste litter, production and domestic sewage.

2.1 Farm pollution to the atmosphere

Poisonous and harmful gases, dust, and pathogenic microorganisms produced in farms are released into the atmosphere and can diffuse and spread with the atmosphere. When the discharge of these substances exceeds the atmospheric capacity (self-purification), it will cause harm to humans and animals. It is estimated that a farm with a total annual output of 100,000 heads can emit approximately 148 kilograms of ammonia (NH3), 13.5 kilograms of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 24 kilograms of dust, and 1.4 billion bacteria per hour to the atmosphere. The pollution radius can reach 5 kilometers, and dust and disease microorganisms can spread more than 30 kilometers with the wind.

2.2 Farm water pollution

The contamination of water bodies by farms is mainly organic pollution, microbial pollution, and toxic and hazardous pollution. The pollution of organic matters is mainly caused by the discharge of hydrocarbons, nitrogen, phosphorus-containing organic matter and undigested nutrients contained in the waste from farms into natural water bodies, which can cause solid suspended solids (SS) and chemical oxygen consumption (CODcr). ), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) increased. When excess organic matter enters the body of water and exceeds its self-purification ability through dilution, precipitation, adsorption, decomposition, degradation, etc., the water quality deteriorates. Organic matter is degraded by microorganisms in the water and provides abundant nutrition for aquatic organisms. Aquatic organisms (mainly algae) produce a large number of twins, produce some toxins and consume a large amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water. Finally, the dissolved oxygen is exhausted and the aquatic organisms die. . At this time, due to lack of oxygen, the degradation of organic matter (including aquatic organisms) in the water turns into anaerobic decomposition, which causes the water to turn black and odor, and the water body is “eutrophic”. This water body is difficult to purify and restore vitality.

Microbial contamination is mainly due to the large amount of pathogenic microorganisms contained in the excreta of farms. After they enter the body of water with faeces, they spread and spread with water as the medium, causing the spread and spread of certain diseases, endangering the health of people and animals and bringing about economic growth. loss. It has been reported that analysis of rivers near pig farms in three villages in a certain city in the south shows that the total number of bacteria per liter of water is as high as 115,000 to 700,000.

The pollution of toxic and harmful substances mainly refers to the pollution caused by the discharge of fecal matter into water bodies, such as antibiotics, illicit drugs, minerals, and disinfectants used in pig farms.

2.3 Farm Soil Pollution

In the farm, the waste is directly introduced (applied) into the soil without harmless treatment. The organic matter contained in the waste is decomposed by the microorganisms in the soil, and part of the waste is used by the plant. Some of the organic matter is degraded by the microorganism into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Make the soil clean or improve. For example, when the amount of waste into the soil (plant) exceeds the soil's ability to absorb (self-purification of soil), incomplete degradation or anaerobic decomposition occurs, resulting in odorous substances and nitrites and other harmful substances, causing the occurrence of soil components and traits. Change has destroyed the basic function of the soil. In addition, some of the high-concentration substances (eg, copper, zinc, iron, microbes, etc.) in the manure will enter the soil along with the manure, causing abnormally high levels of the corresponding substances in the soil (nutritional enrichment), not only to the soil itself. Structures cause destruction or change, but also affect the health of people and animals living on them.

3 Farm Environment Control Measures

The pollution of the farm to the environment is mainly due to the large amount of disorderly discharge of the sewage and the improper treatment and utilization of the sewage. The idea of ​​using the principle of open source and throttling, on the one hand, minimizes the discharge (generation) of cultured manure, and on the other hand actively and responsibly treats the cultured manure in a harmless way, which is the main way to effectively control aquaculture pollution. Nowadays, many scholars, experts, and aquaculture companies have conducted in-depth research on animal nutrition, feeding management, and production technology, and have achieved initial results. In the following two aspects, the author introduces several effective and practical farm environmental control measures for reference.

3.1 Measures to reduce or reduce the discharge of cultured sewage

Reducing or reducing the discharge of cultured sewage mainly adopts effective nutrition measures. Without affecting the growth and breeding efficiency of animals, on the one hand, by adding high-efficiency additives or feeding raw materials with high digestibility, the livestock and poultry feed can be reasonably reduced. The nutrient content reduces the discharge of cultured sewage by reducing the excretion of nutrients; on the other hand, it improves the digestion and utilization of nutrients in feed (grain) by adding additives that promote digestion and absorption of nutrients by livestock and poultry. Rate (deposition rate) to reduce the discharge of cultured sewage. Reducing or reducing the discharge of aquaculture sewage is the fundamental way to solve aquaculture pollution.

3.1.1 Balanced amino acid method

By balancing the amino acids in the diet, nitrogen and other contents in the excrement of livestock and poultry can be reduced. Nitrogen is one of the main elements that cause environmental pollution in excreta. Nitrogen in excreta generally accounts for 2.0% to 6.0% of dry matter (33% in feces and 67% in urine). Livestock and poultry mainly through the diet intake of protein (protein 16% of the average nitrogen) state and other nitrogen, after digestion and absorption, the animal's body is deposited about 35%, and the remaining about 65% excreted. Digestibility, excretion rate and deposition rate of nitrogen and other nutrients at different growth stages of pigs.

Excretion rate and deposition rate

About 65% of the nitrogen ingested by pigs is excreted. Proteins are composed of amino acids. The absorption and utilization of proteins is related to their amino acid composition. Protein nutrition is generally considered to be amino acid nutrition. To improve the absorption and utilization of protein in feed, it is necessary to improve the amino acid composition of feed. Studies have shown that by adding certain amino acids to livestock and poultry diets, the protein content in feeds can be appropriately reduced without affecting animal growth and aquaculture efficiency, thereby reducing nitrogen content in excreta. Chung et al. (1991) showed that pig diets formulated using the ideal protein (amino acid) concept can reduce nitrogen excretion by 30%, while also reducing ammonia concentrations and odors in the farm air. Han et al. (1995) concluded that the addition of 0.1% to 0.2% lysine to the piglet diet can reduce feed protein by 2% and reduce nitrogen and phosphorus excretion by 20.90% and 17.71%. . He summarized the results of adding lysine to chicken and pig feeds. In general, adding lysine can promote broiler growth and reduce nitrogen excretion. For broilers (3 to 6 weeks), the addition of 0.2% lysine and 18% protein diet to 16% crude protein feed had similar daily gains and feed conversion rates, but reduced nitrogen and dry matter excretion by 15.40%, respectively. And 7.92%. Cho et al. (1995) reported that lysine and methionine 0.1% were added to 20% protein in broilers. The results were similar to those in the 23% protein control group, but the dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus excretion were 9 .69%, 22.09% and 12.46%. Lenis and Jongbioed (1991) reported that if the dietary protein level of pigs is reduced by 1%, the urine output is reduced by 11%. In Orock et al. (1997), reducing 4% of dietary protein and making up 4 essential amino acids can reduce 69% of ammonia in the pig house.

Similar studies are no longer described here. In short, by balancing amino acids and reducing the protein content of diets, the nitrogen and other substances in excreta can be reduced to varying degrees, the cost and difficulty of subsequent treatment of livestock and poultry excrement (cultured contaminants) can be reduced, and the pollution of excreta to the environment can be reduced. .

3.1.2 Adding enzyme preparation method

Enzyme preparation is an efficient biocatalyst and is an indispensable special catalyst for digestion and absorption of nutrients by animal organisms. Adding certain enzyme preparations in the feed can not only promote digestion and absorption of the corresponding nutrients, but also help digestion and absorption of nutrients in the feed that cannot (or is not easily) digested and absorbed by the animal, thereby improving the digestion and utilization of nutrients by the animal. Rate, reducing the content of certain elements or nutrients (organics) in excreta, and reducing the environmental pollution of excreta. Komegay (1996) reported that adding 200 to 1000 U of phytase can reduce the amount of excreted phosphorus by 25% to 50%. He believes that the addition of phytase to a feed for growing pigs (weights of 18 to 100 kg and consuming 317 kg of feed) reduced the excretion of phosphorus from 15 kg to 0.11 kg. Cho et al. (1995) added 0.1% Babowe complex enzyme to the broiler feed. As a result, dry matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus excretion were reduced by 17% to 18%, 24% to 28%, and 12% to 27%, respectively. Simons et al. (1990) reported that because of the addition of phytase, about 33% of the non-utilizable phosphorus in corn-bean cake-based broiler chickens became available phosphorus, which reduced phosphorus excretion by 17% to 42%. Although there is still a certain degree of difficulty in popularizing and applying enzyme preparations, it has unique effects in increasing feed conversion rate and reducing excreta, which is in effect for farms (especially for large-scale breeding farms) to control the environment of farms and reduce costs and increase efficiency. way.

3.1.3 Add other additives

In order to reduce the excretion of nutrients from livestock and poultry, many scholars have conducted extensive research, and some highly effective additives have appeared on the market. The use of organic chelated trace element additives instead of inorganic trace elements additives can effectively reduce the content of mineral elements in excrement. Studies have shown that the addition of 100ppm lysine copper (an organic copper) to young pigs is similar to the addition of 250ppm copper sulfate, but the copper content in the excreta is significantly reduced. Kim et al. (1995) added 400 μg/kg chromium pyrrolidine to broiler diets to reduce dry matter and nitrogen excretion by 5.39% and 1.57%, respectively. Adding 400 μg/kg chromium pyrrolidine to feed for laying hens reduced dry matter and nitrogen excretion by 15% and 32%, respectively.
Of course, through reasonably reducing the concentration of dietary nutrients, using feeds or raw materials that are highly efficient and easily digested, reducing or prohibiting the use of harmful additives, adopting a reasonable cleaning process, strengthening feeding and management, adopting multi-stage breeding, and reducing feed wastage, etc. All can effectively reduce the excretion of nutrients or the content of toxic and harmful substances in the excreta, reduce the pressure on the environment from breeding contaminants, and can also bring considerable economic benefits.

3.2 Reasonable treatment and utilization measures of cultured sewage

Based on the principles of “reduction, harmlessness, and resource utilization”, the rational disposal and utilization of livestock and poultry filth is an important measure to turn livestock and poultry waste into treasure and reduce the pollution of the farm to the environment. The cultured manure contains a large amount of organic matter, mineral elements, humic substances, water and other nutrients. After the harmless treatment kills pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, eggs, etc., they can be applied to farmland to improve soil pellets. Structure, improve the soil's ability to retain water and fertility; feed for livestock and poultry can save feed, reduce farming expenses, and improve breeding efficiency. The separated sewage can be reused for washing the livestock house after purification, thus saving the aquaculture water. In short, the rational treatment and utilization of cultured sewage, making it profitable, turning waste into treasure, has important and far-reaching significance in promoting the integration of agriculture and animal husbandry, maintaining ecological balance, and achieving a virtuous circle of material and sustainable development.

3.2.1 Composting: It is a method of aerobic fermentation of manure. The microorganisms decompose the organic matter in the feces and produce high temperatures, killing pathogenic microorganisms, parasites, and their eggs. The macromolecule organics in the decomposed feces are degraded into small molecules that are easily absorbed by the plants and become highly efficient organic fertilizers. Includes natural composting and modern accumulation methods.

3.2.2 feeding after sterilization

Poultry contains rich nutrients. According to tests, dry manure contains 15% to 30% crude protein, 10% to 16% crude fiber, and 8% to 10% total amino acids, of which lysine is 0.9%, methionine 0.23%, and cystine. 0.2%, phosphorus 3.0%, potassium 1.7%, as well as iron, copper, zinc, magnesium and other trace elements and vitamin B2, vitamin B12, choline and other vitamins. Therefore, after the poultry excrement is subjected to decontamination, sterilization, drying and other treatments, the feed treatment methods that can be used for quality and low cost are roughly dried, chemically treated, fermented, silage, thermal sprayed, puffed, etc. There are other economically convenient ways to treat feces. If suitable amount of fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, the fertility of the field can be improved and the environmental pollution and treatment can be eliminated.

3.2.3 Aquaculture wastewater treatment and utilization

The front mainly deals with the treatment and use of solid-state cultured sewage. This section mainly deals with the treatment and utilization of cultured sewage (liquid). Although it is necessary to treat the sewage, it is more realistic and more urgent than the former to treat sewage. The first reason is that the aquaculture wastewater discharge is large, and the second is because people are less aware of the pollution hazards of the aquaculture wastewater and do not pay enough attention to it.

Sewage treatment can be divided into three categories: physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods. The chemical treatment method requires chemical reagents, the cost is high, there is a secondary pollution problem, and specialized treatment technicians are required. Small farms are generally not suitable for use. .

3.2.3.1 Physical Processing

The physical treatment method is generally the first procedure for the treatment of sewage. Including filtration, sedimentation, solid-liquid separation, etc., mainly remove insoluble or mechanical impurities in cultured sewage.

3.2.3.2 Biological treatment

The biological treatment method uses microorganisms to decompose the organic matters in the sewage, degrade unstable complex organic matter into simple inorganic substances or synthetic microorganisms, and achieve the purpose of treating sewage and protecting the environment.
According to the microbial type of biological treatment can be divided into aerobic biological treatment and anaerobic biological treatment. The former converts a part of organic matter into microorganisms, and the other part is decomposed into salts of CO2, H2O, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, etc.; the latter produces CO2, CH4, H2S, etc. (ie biogas) in addition to producing cells. . Because BOD5 reflects the organic matter that can be decomposed by microorganisms in the sewage. Therefore, the ratio of BOD5 to CODcr (%) can be used to determine the feasibility of sewage biological treatment. This value is> 45% when the feasibility is good;> 30% is fashionable; <30% is poor; <25% is not suitable for biological treatment. Under normal circumstances, the pig farm sewage ratio is about 45%, which is a good biological treatment wastewater.

According to the treatment process and conditions, the sewage biological treatment method is divided into natural biological treatment method and industrialized biological treatment method.

3.2.3.3 Chemical treatment

The chemical treatment method is to add chemical agents to the sewage, and to remove the dissolved substances, colloidal objects and suspended substances in the sewage, and to realize the method of sewage purification. Due to the limitations of this method, it is generally not used as a pretreatment for wastewater treatment.

4 Suggestions for Environmental Control of Farms

4.1 Promote the use of highly efficient and environmentally friendly additives, such as organic trace elements.

4.2 Upgrading the scientific and technological content of animal husbandry, adopting more scientific feed formulation techniques and feeding management techniques.

4.3 Continuously improve environmental protection laws and regulations, and strengthen the implementation and enforcement of environmental protection laws and regulations.

4.4 Improve the environmental awareness of livestock husbandry practitioners and enhance the environmental protection urgency and sense of responsibility.

4.5 Strengthen macro-control to prevent blind start and duplicate construction.

4.6 Strengthen the industry self-discipline and the construction of industry laws and regulations. The unit that only cares (can) raises money without (does not have the ability to) take measures to protect the environment should be resolutely regulated.

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