The large cherry is one of the earliest and the most economically valuable trees in the northern deciduous fruit trees. The cherry industry is also known as the “sunrise industry”. Due to the high economic benefits of planting large cherries, in recent years, the cultivation area and yield of large cherry in China have been increasing year by year.

According to statistics, as of 2016, China's cherry cultivation area is more than 2.7 million mu and the output is over 700,000 tons, ranking first in the world. The large cherry planting area has expanded to the inland in the past, and further developed into 25 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions such as the southern coast, the western high altitude area, and the northeast alpine region. The main cultivated provinces are Shandong, Liaoning, and Shaanxi. Among them, Shandong Province has the largest cultivated area, accounting for 50% of the country, and its output accounts for 60% of the country. At the moment when the production of large cherries is developing rapidly, the author finds that there are many problems in the cultivation and management of large cherries. The technical points of the annual management of the Grand Cherry Orchard are summarized below for reference. 1 From late November to mid-February (dormant period) 1.1 The Qingyuan cleans up litter and residual branches, and removes or buryes them outside the garden to reduce the wintering base of pests and diseases. Because most of the worms are in the litter. 1.2 The whitening of the tree can reduce the occurrence of frost damage and at the same time clear the wintering pest eggs. The formulation of the whitening agent is: 10 parts of quicklime, 1 part of sulfur powder, 40 parts of water, and 2 parts of fresh soybean milk. 1.3 The frozen water is filled with water to seal the frozen water once, so that the cherry tree can be safely wintered. 1.4 Scratching the scales of the scale insects, the iron ore can be used to break the scales of the scale insects and kill the wintering nymphs. 2 From mid-February to early March (before germination) 2.1 Trim the sap before flowing until germination (Figure 1). The saplings are mainly shaped by plastic, and the branches are opened at an angle. Generally, the three main branches are pulled at 70-80, and the auxiliary branches are pulled to 90, that is, the branches are pulled. It is appropriate to carry out a short cut to facilitate the expansion of the tree.

The branches of the early fruit stage are mainly slow-release, pay attention to controlling the growth of the branches on the back and the upper branches, and cultivate the result branches; the branches of the fruit-bearing period are mainly composed of the branches of the culture and rejuvenation, and the branches are mainly controlled, and the external promotion is promoted. , can not cause a large area of ​​the outside, the inside is bare. Sweet cherries are extremely demanding on sunlight, especially in the young fruit period, in order to enlarge the crown and leave more branches, it is easy to cause the crown to be closed, which affects ventilation and light transmission. If the dense auxiliary branches and peripheral fork branches are not removed in time, it is bound to cause The inner and lower branchlets died in large numbers because they did not receive sunlight. This is an important issue for all cherry trees entering the fruiting period. It is necessary to have a high level of awareness and take early measures.

The sweet cherry branch group has a continuous result ability of 8 to 10 years. If the dense branch is not removed in time, the branch that does not see the sun may die in 3 years. Therefore, in order to ensure that the trees that enter or are about to enter the fruiting period have long-term results and high yields, and do not cause peripheral consequences or internal baldness, this work must be done well. In addition to thinning branches, it is necessary to remove the pests and branches, and scrape off the old skins. After collection, they are taken out of the orchard and burned or buried.

2.2 Topdressing and prevention of root diseases If there is no topdressing before the year, it is necessary to grasp the fertilization, mainly based on biological bacterial fertilizer, the specific amount of fertilizer should be determined according to the tree potential. Generally, the plant has a small biological organic fertilizer of 1~2 kg. Watering after fertilization, arranging tree trays, covering the mulch, promoting warming. Surgical resection can be performed with root cancer, and then rooted with K84 or Ningnanmycin and Pycnoridin. 3 In the middle and late March (cherry germination stage) 3.1 Spray 3~5 wave of sulphur sulphur mixture before bud. Scale insects are severely used in the treatment of oil emulsions, malathion, chlorpyrifos (Taisheng landing) and flusilazole. 3.2 Prevention and treatment of rot disease, gum disease, germination for rot disease, gum disease, etc. for scaling treatment, scratching should pay attention to longitudinal scraping, do not scrape horizontally, the outer incision should be scraped, which is conducive to wound healing. Simultaneous application with 梧宁mycin or 宁南mycin. There is also a wound healing agent produced in Guan County, which works well. In addition to this, it is necessary to perform pre-flowering trimming. Wipe off dense buds, competitive buds, slash buds, rootstock buds. 3.3 Pulling the branch is the best period for the opening angle of the young tree. The main branch is pulled, the main branch is pulled to 70~80, the other branches are flattened, not facing the ground, not to the sky, not taking the circle, not bending. 4 Mid-April (Cherry flowering period) 4.1 Antifreeze, pollination, attention (listening) Weather forecast, watering before flowering according to the weather forecast, such as watering before the frost comes, can delay the flowering period of 3~5 days. If there is frost, smoke in the frost. In combination with pollination, it can be sprayed with alizarin lactone, such as Tianda 2116, plus 300 times of borax (such as boron), mixed with 0.3% (mass fraction, later) urea, or high quality dihydrogen phosphate Potassium to increase the pollination rate. Orchards can also be used to increase pollination rates, and this method can be used for orchards that lack pollination trees. Artificial pollination, take large bell flowers, two flowers for confrontation, then remove the petals, filaments, leave anthers, put them in a large cardboard box, put a glass of water inside, and bake with a 25-watt bulb, usually 24 hours It can be baked, taken out of the anther, and placed in a bottle for use. Generally, 500 grams of flowers can be used for one mu.

4.2 Prevent the scarabs and big gray elephants from germination and pay attention to the prevention and control of the chafers in June. The young orchards can control the gray ash, and can spray 1,500 times of the trifluthrin solution, which can also be artificially controlled. 5 From late April to early May (cherry fruit enlargement period) In this period, premature aging of young fruit occurs, and a large number of softened Liuhuang fruit appears, and the fruit does not shrink. Strong trees are lighter and weak trees are heavier. There are two reasons for the fruit drop: First, the tree is undernourished. After the flowering, the tree has more fruit, and the fruits compete for nutrients. Because of the lack of storage nutrients, the fruits are weaker because of “hunger”. Shedding; the second is in the two stages of fruit development (hard core period and embryo development period), due to soil drought and water shortage, Liuhuang fruit drop. The main preventive measures: (1) Strengthen management and improve the nutrition level of the tree; (2) Before the flowering of the fruit to the hard core of the fruit, watering according to the soil moisture in a timely manner. In this period, you can spray a biological fungicide such as gentamicin and high-quality potassium dihydrogen phosphate to prevent perforation, supplement nutrition and prevent fruit drop. 6 From mid-May to early June (cherry ripening period) The main measure in this period is to control soil moisture control cracking fruit. This is a management problem of sweet cherry trees. Always keep soil moisture at 70%~80%, don't ignore it. Wet, causing the swell of the inside and outside of the peel to be different and cracking the fruit. There is a difference in the resistance to cracking between varieties. Precautionary measures: (1) Select anti-cracking varieties; (2) Spray calcium on the leaf surface, spray the 600-fold amino acid calcium solution 4 times before the harvest to the harvest; (3) Small water irrigation, no big water Diffuse irrigation; (4) erecting a rain canopy, also can prevent frost. After picking the fruit, it is necessary to strengthen the pruning of the young tree, and timely pick the heart on the back. When the main branches are extended to about 60 cm, the tops are moderately topped, and the lateral branches are subjected to secondary topping according to different parts, and the resulting branches are cultured to promote flower bud formation. 7 In mid-June (flower bud formation period) 7.1 Fertilization and timely fertilization after fruit picking. In this period, one-third of the annual fertilizer can be applied to the soil, mainly high-quality potassium sulfate compound fertilizer + biological fertilizer. At the same time, the leaves are sprayed with potassium dihydrogen phosphate. 7.2 Spray control is prosperous for the overgrown tree, which can be sprayed with 100~300 times of paclobutrazol for chemical control. The specific multiple is determined according to the strong degree of tree potential. 7.3 Prevention of pests and diseases Red-necked beetles, scale insects, red spiders, large green leafhoppers, brown spot disease, perforation, 4% (mass fraction) chlorpyrifos 1500 times solution + methyl thiophanate 1000 times solution + leaf dry The azole solution was sprayed with 1 000 times solution. 7.4 Protect the leaves Spray the tebuconazole and the equivalent Bordeaux mixture (1:1:200) for foliar protection before the rainy season. If you do not spray the Bordeaux mixture, you can use difenoconazole (Figure 3).

7.5 Anti-staining and drainage should pay attention to drainage, to prevent dead trees in the orchard. 8 From early June to August, this period is mainly to prevent and control various pests and diseases. It can be sprayed once every 20 days, or according to the amount of rain, the number of sprays should be determined. If the rain is more, the spray will be less. Commonly used insecticides are chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin, chlorfenapyr, broom, triazole tin. The fungicides are carbendazim, dexamethasone, mancozeb, flusilazole, tebuconazole, leucovorin, streptomycin and the like.

Branch flow glue is a phenomenon often occurring in stone fruit trees. Severe flow can cause yellowing of the leaves, death of the branches, weakening of the tree, and even death of the whole tree. The causes of flow glue are freezing damage, insect pests, diseases, locusts, mechanical damage, etc., which are caused by waterlogging or drought, and are generally considered to be physiological diseases. Since June, the onset of the rainy season has increased. For the prevention and treatment of flow glue, it is necessary to prevent the occurrence of wounds and insects in the tree body, prevent and control the pests in time, minimize the damage of the tree body during the management process, whiten the branches to prevent freezing damage and sunburn, strengthen the drainage of the orchard, and reduce the degree of glue. For the branches where the glue is produced, it is necessary to cure in time, scrape the glue, and apply the fungicide to the wound. 9 September-October (slow shoot growth period) 9.1 pull the open angle, remove the erect stalks and saplings, and remove a few erects.

9.2 Prevention and Control of Pests and Diseases In this period, we mainly control early defoliation and Daqingye. 9.3 Fertilization combined with deep-expanding and deep-expanding organic fertilizer and adding a small amount of quick-acting fertilizer, watering after fertilization. The autumn base fertilizer is mainly based on farmyard manure, and it is combined with organic and inorganic biological fertilizer. In this period, 70% of the fertilizer used in the whole year can be applied, because it is the third growth peak of the roots of cherry trees, which is beneficial to the absorption and utilization of fertilizers, and can reserve sufficient nutrients for the second year of flowering and fruit setting. .

The cherry tree is less than two months from germination, flowering, fruit setting to harvesting. The amount of fertilizer used is relatively concentrated. If the base fertilizer is not applied before the year, it will affect the second year of flowering and fruit setting. Therefore, it is necessary to grasp the work of the autumn fertilizer. Two years of high yields laid a good foundation. Generally, 4 kg of biological fertilizer is applied to each cherry tree, and the soil fertilizer is applied in kilograms of fruit. 10 In early November (nutrition reserve period), if there is no basic fertilizer in autumn, continue to work on the basic fertilizer of autumn application to increase the nutritional reserve. If the soil is too dry, it should be watered in time. When watering, pay attention to the pouring of a tree. Do not flood the whole garden or it will cause large-scale spread of root diseases.

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