Apple tree shape selection and reconstruction of old orchards are an important part of the construction work. In the past production practice, due to irrational tree shape selection and untimely reconstruction of old orchards, orchards were closed, ventilation and light transmission were poor. Management brings a series of problems. Therefore, before the construction of the garden and the transformation of the tree shape, it is necessary to correctly select the target tree shape and the appropriate cultivation mode. Pros and cons of tree selection High spindle Advantages: ①Simple tree shape and fast forming. The high-spindle tree-shaped plastic training method is simple, and different training forms can be selected according to different management objects. ② The tree is compact, easy to form flowers, and low in nutrient consumption. ③ The ability of reproductive growth is strong, the short branch ratio is high, the result is strong, and the nutrient consumption is very small. ④ Simple management and labor saving. ⑤ Good ventilation and light transmission, high fruit quality. Disadvantages: ①The tree has a short life span, and generally enters the aging period after 20 years. ② If the management is extensive, water and fertilizer cannot keep up, which may lead to premature senescence. ③ The cost of building a park is high. Recommendations for selection: ①If the cultivation area has good water and fertilizer conditions, use short dwarf middle root seedlings or dwarf self-root root seedlings to build a garden. Cultivating the tree shape is the current ideal new cultivation mode and the production performance is ideal. ② The grower who can achieve high investment and fine management, and at the same time can guarantee a high level of mechanization, can achieve early fruiting, high output and high efficiency. Slender spindle Advantages: The tree-shaped tree has a large body, a solid skeleton, a high load capacity, and a life span of more than 20 years. No pillars are needed, and the main branches do not need to be suspended. The cost of building a garden is lower than that of a high-spindle tree. Disadvantages: The tree-shaping process is longer than the high-spindle shape, and the initial output is not as high as the high-spindle shape. Selection suggestion: In the case of land with good water and fertilizer conditions, in the case of fine management and the need to save the cost of building a garden, an elongated spindle-shaped tree structure can be selected. At present, this tree shape is relatively used in apple production, which is an ideal tree shape for dwarf cultivation. Free spindle Advantages: The tree-shaped tree has a large body, a solid skeleton, and a life span of more than 40 years. Once formed, the main branch basically does not need to be updated, and only the result branch group needs to be updated. Fruit picking, pruning and other tree operations can be climbed to the sturdy main branch to reduce the use of auxiliary tools. Disadvantages: large tree body, long shaping period; inner chamber medicine is not easy to spray; fewer backbone branches, if the number of small branches is small, the yield is low, the head of the tree is easy to swell; Many, need to take twist, topping, dredging and other measures to manage, Summer workload is heavy. Recommendations for selection: The apple cultivars with moderate growth such as Marshal series and Gala series should adopt this tree shape, the tree body is not long, the ventilation is good, the yield is stable. Site conditions are not good, water and fertilizer can not be guaranteed, this tree shape should be used in areas with small annual growth of apple trees. Small crown happy shape Advantages: ①high height, good ventilation and light transmission in the park. ② There is no trunk head, and the inner chamber light is increased. ③ There are few permanent big branches, single-layer canopy, all branches, leaves, and fruits see light, and the fruit quality is excellent. ④ Pruning of apple trees is mainly based on dumping. The pruning method is simple and easy to produce flowers. The apple yield is high. ⑤ The result is long. The small crown is initially shaped in 20 years, and it is fully formed in 30 years. The stable fruiting period is 30 to 60 years. The small crown happy tree is a high-quality and high-yielding tree. Disadvantages: The cultivation process of the small-crowned happy-shaped tree is long. Generally, it needs to undergo 4 shaping processes: trunk shape, change to the main shape, delayed happy-shaped, and happy-shaped shape. The main branch has many fruits and requires multiple supports, and the machinery under the crown cannot be used smoothly. Recommendations for selection: This tree shape is the ideal tree shape for apple cultivar cultivation. At present, it is mainly used in the large-scale modification of Qiaohua apple orchard. If the early stage is a small crown sparse layer, free spindle shape or modified spindle shape, thinning After reducing the planting density, it can be easily transformed into a small crown with a happy shape. (Li Yayun, Su Ruifang) High-spindle tree-shaped apple orchard Experts interviewed by this newspaper: Professor Jiang Yuanmao, Professor of College of Horticulture, Shandong Agricultural University Recently, Jiang Yuanmao, a professor at the College of Horticulture of Shandong Agricultural University, told reporters that the establishment of a high-spindle tree-shaped apple orchard should start from the following aspects. Choosing a high-spindle tree-like model for the garden requires better site conditions and high water and fertilizer management measures. In addition to being away from pollution sources and convenient transportation, it is best to choose a deep soil layer, flat terrain, good fertility conditions, and irrigation facilities. Plots are more conducive to giving play to tree-like advantages and ensuring a high level of input-output ratio. Variety rootstocks are mainly selected from mountain orchards and upland areas with short-tree rootstocks. Plain areas and areas with irrigation conditions are mainly short-stock rootstocks and self-rootstocks. Reasonable selection of early, middle and late maturity varieties and pollination varieties. Seedlings require well-developed root systems, full buds, height above 80 cm, thickness (rhizome) above 0.8 cm, and good graft healing. Treatment of seedlings before planting Before planting, cut the wounded roots, disease and insect roots, and disease and insect branches, remove the plastic strips at the joints, and then soak the seedlings in a bucket for soaking day and night. Planting method Take a bucket into the orchard when planting, dip the mud with phosphorus fertilizer or rooting powder before planting, dig a 80 cubic centimeter pit, and dug the soil with 20 kg of fully-fermented organic fertilizer and 100 g of nitrogen fertilizer, and evenly lack phosphorus. The soil is best mixed with 100 grams of diammonium phosphate. Fill the fertilized soil into the pit 20 cm below the ground, then put in the seedlings, extend the root system, gently step on the ground, and immediately water. After planting, the crops were cut short and dried at a full bud 80 cm above the ground, and then the tree trays were covered with mulch to increase the temperature and protect the plant. Conditional spraying of plant transpiration inhibitors could be used to improve the survival rate of the plants. Pillars should be set up after drying, and the seedlings should be tied to the pillars (optional bamboo poles with a diameter of 3 to 4 cm). After planting, saplings should be irrigated immediately after planting to ensure soil moisture. After irrigation, a wide black mulch is laid along the row of the tree, which can play a role in water retention, improve fertilizer efficiency and promote survival. (Ding Yifeng, intern reporter of our newspaper) Pruning the tree-shaped old apple orchard in time Experts interviewed by this newspaper: Associate Professor Gao Hua of Northwest A & F University Due to the untimely management of apple orchards, the closure of apple orchards has become a problem faced by many fruit farmers. How to make these stale apple trees rejuvenate again, Gao Hua, associate professor of Northwest A & F University and director of Qingcheng County Apple Experiment Demonstration Station in Gansu Province, believes that this involves a major problem in the transformation of apple orchards. "Diversion" can not be anxious to achieve the majority of dense plantations with low trunks and poor ventilation and light transmission in the lower part. Therefore, Gao Hua suggested that pruning of fruit farmers should properly remove large branches and improve dry height, but it should be implemented step by step year by year. It is best to complete within 3 to 4 years. In the process of modification, the permanent main branch selected and retained should adhere to the principle of light shearing, with long-term pruning as the main method, and appropriate amount of dredging. Minimal or no short-cut or retracting methods should be used, and at the same time pay attention to selecting strong branches Make an extension head to keep the canopy extended. In addition, during the reshaping process, protective measures must be taken for the cutting edges, and in particular, large wounds must be bandaged or protected in time. At the same time, the implementation of thinning or remodeling of orchards should strengthen the management of fertilizer and water. Gao Hua said that for orchards of medium management level, in the year of thinning, technical measures such as thinning flowers and fruit, bagging of fruit, auxiliary pollination, and proper harvesting should be strengthened to improve the quality and grade of fruit products. The planting density should be 30 ~ 40 plants / mu. Gaohua said that the reconstruction work should start with reducing the planting density and take thinning as the basic measure to reduce the number of fruit trees. Starting from the cultivation of high-light-efficiency trees, the transformation and optimization of the tree structure . After the transformation is completed, the orchard has the basic characteristics of empty bands between rows, non-crossover between plants, good canopy light, and drooping branches, and strives to achieve the effects of effective branches and branches, light in leaves and leaves, and high-quality fruits. For orchards or high-density orchards with a fruit age of 15 years or more, one-time thinning can be carried out in the form of alternate rows or separate trees. Some closed orchards require secondary thinning, and the final planting density is maintained at 30 ~ 40 plants / mu is appropriate. Pruned orchards were cut in time to reduce the total branch population by about half. Fruit farmers should appropriately reduce the amount of pruning (removed branches). Winter pruning should generally not exceed 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, especially in the year of thinning. It should be mainly light-shearing and long-releasing to keep as much as possible Avoid excessive impact on output. In the orchard cultivated by arboretum, the tree shape transformation should gradually be adjusted to the small crown sparse layer or the small crown open-hearted shape, and finally achieve a planar stereoscopic result. Orchards with large crowns can also be used in orchards after secondary thinning. (Reporter Geng Suqiang) Double dwarf apple tree shape should be slender spindle shape Double dwarf apple trees are short-branched varieties grafted on short stocks (middle stocks or self-root stocks). Actively promoting double-dwarf cultivation in plain irrigation areas is a new direction for the sustainable development of apples in irrigation areas. The main structure of the tree is a slender spindle-shaped tree. The trunk structure is: 50 centimeters in height, 2.5 meters in height, and 10-18 main branches are left. The lower main branches are slightly longer than the upper main branches, and the base angle is 80 ° ~ 90 °. . Small fruiting shoot groups are grown directly on the main shoots. Accelerate the expansion of the crown Before the third age, we must adhere to the "three more and three less" pruning method, that is, multiple cuts, less light cuts; more branches, less sparse branches; more broken heads, less throwing. Promote long branches, increase the number of branches, expand the crown, and build a good yield skeleton. The techniques of promoting flowers are mainly branching, twisting and softening. Excessive branches can be controlled by single-circle cut, double-circle cut or inverted peel. Generally use as little ring peeling as possible to prevent rot or premature aging. There are two main methods for branch group culture, namely the combination of shrinking and shrinking and short-cutting. Pay attention to the light so that the light transmittance is about 20%. For long or dense orchards, it is necessary to sparse inward branches, cross branches, overlapping branches and other light-shielding branches. After the rejuvenation and renewal enters the fruitful period, two things should be done: First, see the fruit shrink and promote new branches. Secondly, reasonable load to avoid premature aging. Sparsely sparse flowers and fruits, according to the distance method to retain fruit, generally large fruit 23 ~ 26.4 cm is appropriate to leave a fruit. Disclaimer: Some articles on this website are transferred from the Internet. 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Scientific selection of tree apples yields high yields