One hope

Looking at it from a distance, it is judged whether it is a film or a film.

1, into pieces

Organic fertilizer: organic manure causes the concentration of soil solution to be too high in the process of decomposing fermentation, and releases a large amount of heat, causing root burning, dead seedlings, leaf deformity, and vegetables are gradually withered and died in severe cases.

Inorganic fertilizer: Excessive application of chemical fertilizer results in high concentration of soil solution, and the water potential in the soil is reduced, causing the water in the root system to flow back into the soil, that is, the root system is difficult to absorb water, and then the fertilizer is harmful, commonly known as "burning seedlings".

Roots: Due to low soil temperature, high humidity and other factors, the roots do not produce new roots or adventitious roots. The root bark rots and rots, causing the upper part of the ground to wilting, and it is easy to pull up, the upper part of the leaf edge is scorched; in severe cases, the film is dry. , like deficiency.

Water shortage: Due to too little water content in the soil or excessive transpiration of high temperature, the vegetables are temporarily short of water and wilting. If the water is replenished in time, it can return to normal.

High temperature barrier: Sunburn occurs on the fruit. The epidermis of the affected fruit is grayish-white leather. The surface is thin and wrinkled. The tissue is necrotic and hard. It seems to be boiled by boiling water. The flower buds are poorly differentiated, and the number of female flowers is obviously less. The number of nodes is improved, and some even have no female flowers directly; there are many deformed fruits, zucchini, cucumbers, etc., which are prone to problems such as long, tip, big head and other malformed melons or poor color, which reduce or lose the value of the commodity.

Low temperature barrier: The plant suffers from cold or cold damage, causing contiguous symptoms. The top bud is frozen, the growth point is harmed, the top bud is frozen and the growth stops. The leaves are frozen, the edges are rolled up, the chlorosis is chlorotic or whitish, and when it is severe, the stems and stems often appear in the early stage of freezing damage. Fuchsia, when it is severe, it will turn black and die; if the fruit is frozen, it will usually appear uneven coloration, deformed fruit and heart-breaking fruit. The solanaceous vegetables will also have stiff fruit; the roots will be frozen, growth will stop, and gradually turn yellow or even die. , hindering the normal absorption of nutrients and water, resulting in nutritional deficiencies.

Greenhouse gas: Symptoms such as wilting, discoloration, and necrosis caused by acid gases (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc.) or alkaline gases (gas such as ammonia) are usually caused by improper fertilization. The detection of harmful gases in greenhouses and greenhouses is generally judged by the detection of dew drops in the greenhouse. The detection of the pH of the dew drops is usually carried out before the morning air exchange. The detection method can use the precision pH test paper to judge the type of gas and the degree of damage according to the detection result of the dew drop pH. If the pH is below 4.6, acid gases such as sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide are seriously exceeded.

Phytotoxicity: There are two types of acute and chronic phytotoxicity. Acute phytotoxicity occurs from a few hours to 3-4 days after spraying, such as burns, wilting, defoliation, falling flowers, fruit drop, spots on young tissues, such as brown spots, yellow spots, net spots, etc. common. Chronic phytotoxicity is caused by obvious symptoms after spraying for a long time, such as poor growth of branches and leaves, yellowing of leaves, deformity of stems, leaves, fruits and roots, such as curling leaves, clumps, swollen roots, etc. It is accompanied by spots, delayed maturity, and deteriorated flavor.

Lack or excess of elements: deficiency or overdose caused by lack or excess of certain elements. For example, when the nitrogen is deficient, the leaves become pale green or yellow, and gradually fade or the old leaves fall off; when the phosphorus is deficient, the stems and leaves become thinner, the growth is slow, the leaves become dull dark green leaflets, the petioles are purple, the roots are stunted, and the plants are short. The fruit ripening period is postponed; when the magnesium is deficient, the old leaves first appear as green deficiency symptoms, which gradually involve the young leaves. The mesophyll is chlorotic and the veins remain green. When severe, the leaves are withered. When the sulfur is deficient, the leaf veins are pale green, but the tissues are not aging. Stem thickening is blocked, generally starting from the young part, similar to nitrogen deficiency; when the iron is deficient, the veins of the young leaves are chlorotic, yellowish white, when severe, the whole leaves turn yellow-white, dry; the main stem and the boron deficiency The growth point of the lateral branches is atrophy, brown, dry, and the plant type is cluster-like. The leaf body and petiole are curved, resulting in a "leaf burning" condition, the root growth is blocked, and the root becomes brown and spoiled when boron is severely deficient; After the old leaves appear green symptoms, or brown spots, leaves, the upper part of the stem becomes brown and dead; when the copper is weak, the growth is weak, the leaves are green, the tip of the leaves turns white; when the zinc is deficient, the leaves turn yellow or bronze, there are spots Leguminous vegetables cannot form roots when molybdenum is absent Tumor, broccoli can not form a flower ball.

Disease: A type of disease caused by some species of Phytophthora fungi that can damage leaves, stems, vines, fruits and roots, mainly causing rapid necrosis and decay of vegetable flowers, fruits and leaf tissues. It is a kind of epidemic. Very strong, serious devastating diseases occur. Due to the rapid onset of the disease, if a large area of ​​symptoms occurs in a short period of time, the disease can be considered.

2, point film occurs

Fusarium wilt: This kind of disease is a disease that has been transmitted to the soil for many years. It invades the vascular bundle from the roots and blocks the transportation of nutrients and water after the vascular bundle is over. The early noon wilting recovers sooner or later, and many times after repeated, the pieces die and die. It occurs in the fruit expansion period after fruit setting, and it usually dies overnight after watering.

Root rot: Early plants do not show symptoms. After the root rot is aggravated, the function of absorbing water and nutrients is gradually weakened. The upper part of the ground is in short supply due to nutrients. When the light is strong and the evaporation is large before and after noon, the upper leaves of the plants appear. Wilted, but recovered at night. When the condition is severe, the root bark becomes brown and separates from the pith, and finally the whole plant dies.

Stem-based rot: only damage the base of the stem, most of them produce water-stained dark spots on the top and bottom of the soil surface 3-5 cm, and quickly spread to the surrounding area, the hand pinch is soft, the leaves turn yellow from bottom to top, and then wilted.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum: It is often infected from the fork part of the stem. It is grayish white, slightly sunken, and the phloem is rotted, and its mycelium can invade the diseased stem. The epidermis is longitudinally split, the size, shape and length of the lesion are different, and the edge is water-stained. The surface and the stem of the disease are both white cotton-like hyphae and black sclerotia, and the diseased part is swollen and dead.

The disease caused by Pythium and Phytophthora fungi is generally called squatting disease, which shows that the base of the stem of the seedling is soft and watery, rapidly wilting, and finally the base of the stem is linearly collapsed. Sometimes the cotyledons have not yet manifested symptoms and have been lodging; the seedlings caused by Rhizoctonia are generally called blight, which is characterized by brown spots on the base of the affected seedlings, which gradually shrink the young stems until the seedlings die, generally do not fall immediately.

Bacterial wilt disease: the stem of the diseased plant is cut, the vascular bundle is squeezed by hand, and the white fungus overflows in the cross section. When it is severe, the stem of the ground rots, and white pus is seen around, and there is a foul smell. Generally do not change color, no decay in the roots.

Nematode disease: Invasion of fibrous roots and lateral roots by nematodes, the diseased parts become enlarged into irregular tumor-like knots, and the root knots are milky white worms. The root knots are of different sizes, a string of sugar-like rugs, and the infected plants are thin and short, growing. Bad, the result is small and small.

Underground pests are caused by underground pests such as cockroaches, crickets, and tigers.

Second, look

Observe the plants at close range, see where the symptoms appear, what characteristics they have, and determine the type of pests and diseases.

Root: Unplug the plant and see if the root has roots, rot, or trauma.

Stem base: To see if the base of the stem is contracted, rotted or traumatized, cut the base of the stem and observe whether the vascular bundle turns brown or has pus.

Stem: Whether there is necrosis or trauma. Leaf: Look at the leaves for signs of discoloration, necrosis, wilting, rot, deformity and other symptoms.

Fruit: Check if the fruit is poorly colored, necrotic, rotten, deformed, etc.

Third, ask

Properly ask about the disease situation

Ask the owner of the crop, what crop is the captain, what fertilizer is used, whether the disease has occurred, how many times the medicine has been taken, when was the last time the medicine was used, and what medicine was used.

Fourth, diagnosis

Through the above three steps, the prevention method is given

Commonly used protective fungicides (contact fungicides): Mancozeb, chlorothalonil, sulfur and copper preparations (such as Bordeaux mixture, copper hydroxide, basic copper sulfate, basic copper chloride, cuprous oxide, etc. ). Commonly used systemic fungicides: carbendazim, thiophanate-methyl, metalaxyl, triazolone, diniconazole, phenidazole, propiconazole, azoxystrobin, ether oxystrobin, downy mildew Granium, enoylmorpholine, cymoxanil, pyrimethanil and the like. Broad-spectrum fungicides: chlorothalonil, mancozeb, and thiophanate-methyl (transformed into carbendazim in plants, effective against spots, powder rust, mucor, and ineffective against frosty diseases), Bingsen Zinc.

1. Frost-like diseases (downy mildew, late blight, white rust, Phytophthora root rot, etc.)

Biological prevention: Pythium oligocarpa / Trichoderma / Bacillus licheniformis / berberine + sodium alginate

Chemoprevention: Mancozeb / chlorothalonil + polymycin / Wuyin + humic acid / brown sugar

Initial formula: nail cream manganese zinc / dipropionamide / enoyl manganese zinc / cream urea manganese zinc / cream mildew hydrochloride / + allicin + polymycin / Wuyin + humic acid / brown sugar

Medium-term formula: Fluorubicin, Mildew, Pyraclostrobin, Ethyl Ketone, Uric Nitrile, Propionamide, Mildew, Chlorobromide, Isocyanuric Acid, Polymycin, Wuyin, Humic Acid, Brown Sugar

Suitable for crops: leafy vegetables, solanaceous fruits, melons, beans, onions and garlic. If the disease occurs, the grade is increased by one level, and the speed of prevention and control is fast.

2, mucormycosis (grey mold, leaf mold, sclerotinia, etc.)

Biological prevention: Trichoderma / berberine / catechin + sodium alginate

Chemoprevention: Mancozeb / chlorothalonil + polymycin / Wuyin + humic acid / brown sugar

Initial formula: iprodione / pyrimethanil / procymidone + benzimizole + allicin / chlorobromo isocyanuric acid + polymycin / Wuyin + humic acid / brown sugar

Medium-term formula: Nicotinamide / cyprodinil + phenidazole + allicin / chlorobromoisocyanuric acid / polymycin / Wuyin + humic acid / brown sugar

Foliar formula: phenidazole + polymycin + allicin + humic acid / brown sugar

Coal mold formula: Iprodione + phenidazole + allicin

Suitable for crops: leafy vegetables, solanaceous fruits, melons, beans, onions and garlic.

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