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The daily management of fish cages in cages begins with the introduction of the species into the tank. There are two ways to put fish into the cage. The first is to install the cages in a body of water near the shore. Put the species into the cage according to the pre-planned plan. Then use the boat and the cage to drag the species into the cage setting area and assemble the cage. Good, fixed prison. This method requires the cages to be assembled on the spot, so the time for stocking the fishes will be long. At the same time, the fishes in the cages are easily scratched during transportation from the shore to the cage placement site, and the cages are easily damaged during the haulage of fish. Therefore, this method is generally not used. The second method is to use a live water boat to transport the fish species to a pre-assembled stocking site of a cage, and then to directly place the fish species in a box according to a predetermined stocking plan. The fish species to be placed in cages must be excellent fish species that are robust and uniform in size.
Fish schools that have just been placed in cages are unable to adapt to the new water environment for a time, and there are often anomalies such as fish jumping or swimming around the cage. This phenomenon usually occurs after 2-3 days. The group will get better when it starts eating normally.
Second, feeding
This is a very careful management technique for fish farming cages. Although filter-feeding fish can generally not feed, but in the late feeding period for fear of lack of natural food, there are supplements and feed some powdery bait. Therefore, the feeding of baits throughout the management of fish cages in cages is almost daily routine management measures. After determining the amount of food, the technical management of feeding mainly includes the number and method of feeding.
(I) Feeding frequency: The number of daily feeding times is one of the important factors that affect the feeding effect and prevents the loss of bait. After the total daily feed quantity is decided, the principle of less quantity and more quantity is generally adopted, so that the phenomenon that the bait sinks to the bottom or spills out of the cage mesh due to excessive feeding of one bait can be achieved as much as possible. This should be taken into account when feeding dough or powdered bait. However, if the number of feedings is too large and the amount of feed is too small, the daily feeding amount will be too scattered and the fish will compete for food. The strong people will often eat and the weak will become hungry, resulting in uneven fish growth. phenomenon. For general cage fish management, the amount of daily feeding can be 6-8 times. If there are conditions, it can be increased to 8-12 times, and it can be used for feeding at night.
(2) Feeding methods: Under normal circumstances, fishes newly placed in cages will not be able to adapt to the new environment. In the first and second days, there will often be groups swimming along the cage walls. You can start feeding. It must be done to allow fish to emerge into the habit of feeding on the surface. The method is to train under fish starvation. Tilapia generally develops the habit of cluster feeding the next day, while other fish require 7-10 days of training.
If the initial feeding is successful, when the water temperature reaches 15-16°C, you can refer to the following method to arrange the amount of feed: the first two days of feeding 0.5-1% of the feed weight of the fish, the third four days The feed amount of 1-1.5% of the fish's body weight is fed on the fifth and sixth day and the feed amount is 1.5-2.0%. From the seventh day, if the fish school has developed the habit of intensively fighting for food, you can press the temperature and the fish. The daily feeding amount set by the specifications is normally fed. It should be noted that under the predation of fish school clusters, it is still necessary to divide the amount of feed each time into multiple feedings, so that it is better to eat the fish if the bait sinks to the bottom of the cage. In order to prevent the sinking or overflowing of the bait, a layer of dense mesh gauze should be laid on the bottom of the cage, and the food table or bait sleeve corner should be placed.
(3) Factors influencing the effect of feeding: The feeding effect of cage fish culture is often affected by the surrounding environment. Therefore, attention should be paid to and paid attention to overcoming various unfavorable factors in the feeding process to improve the effect of feeding, the following points Special attention should be paid to:
First, when encountering large waves, rapid water flow, and muddy water, care should be taken to reduce the amount of feeding. For feeding buoyant pellet feed, a gathering device must be used to prevent the feed from being washed away by storms and rapids.
Second, when the water temperature drops sharply, there is no wind in the cloudy sky, and the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases, the metabolism of the fish weakens and the food intake is not prosperous. The amount of feeding should be reduced. Otherwise, feed must be wasted.
Third, in the event of strong winds and turbulent water flow, the surrounding area of ​​the food platform may be properly raised to prevent loss of feed due to the prevention of feed spillage.
Fourth, when the temperature of the water drops in the later period of culture, when the fishes often do not surface, special attention should be paid to the amount of feeding.
Fifth, do not cast bait on the day of pulling the net, and the amount of feeding should be reduced appropriately the next day.
Sixth, to do a quantitative fractionation, when the fish do not surface out of the water, it is better to let the fish go hungry and not feed it.
Third, timely check the cage
Before the cages are placed, they should be carefully inspected. After the fish are stocked, they need to be checked. The purpose is to find out whether the cages are damaged or not and prevent them from being stolen in order to reduce losses.
(i) Anti-escape inspection: It is best to check in the evening and the next morning. The method is that the breeder stands on the boat and gently lifts the net around the cage to observe carefully whether the net is damaged or not. In particular, carefully look at the netting about 30 centimeters away from the water surface. There is always a phenomenon of dead fish when it comes to fish species. Wild fish outside the various cages, especially water mice, are most likely to be trapped to invade cages. The vast majority of water mouse bite nets are located about 30 cm away from the water surface.
In order to reduce the accident of fish escape caused by the water rat biting the net, it is better to delay the time of the last inspection at night and advance the inspection time of the first day. In the production, the phenomenon of death of fingerlings is generally serious in the first few days after the first fingerling was put in. Therefore, it is better to make the last inspection at 10:00 a.m. and make the first inspection at 5:00 a.m. the next morning so that In the evening, water mice bite the net. Since the water temperature at the surface is low at night, the fish are concentrated at the bottom of the cage. Therefore, it is unlikely that large numbers of fish escape. If the net clothing is found to be damaged during the first inspection in the morning, repair it immediately.
Cage culture in foreign countries is often referred to as risk fishing. It is a risky fishery. The fish in the cage was dense the previous day and I felt that the harvest was on the horizon, but it might have failed on the second day because of the fish escape. Water mice are the most common predators of cage fish farming in China and must be given special attention.
(2) Anti-theft accidents: In particular, cage fish farming should be strengthened to prevent stealing inspections before catching. Normally, in case of fish feeding during cage feeding, the fish population should not be caught on the surface. We must be aware that fish theft may have occurred. After the fish in the cage had been stolen after a net or dip net the previous night, it often affected the next day's feeding. The phenomenon of stealing cages and stealing fish is also caused. This often results in the situation that the fish in the entire cage are robbed.
In order to prevent the theft, the protection area is usually set outside the cage area, and lights are installed around the cage. This can not only reduce the theft, but also greatly reduce the traffic accidents caused by night-time boating.
IV. Management when severe weather occurs
Severe weather mainly refers to typhoons, heavy rain and floods. Typhoons often accompany rainstorms, and the cage area is stronger than land. Net cages set up in lakes, reservoirs, or bays can sometimes cause cages to tip over or be submerged under water, so it must be checked before the typhoon. Fixed cages should be reinforced ropes, check whether the loosening at the ligation, and properly increase the height of the exposed parts of the cage; floating cages to prevent the bottom of the cage during the typhoon and the bottom of the lake mud, and due to friction and broken lines and Break the net.
Flooding can increase the flow of water in the cage setting area, flushing the cage pilings or displacing the float cages. As the flood water level rises, the fixed cages do not escape the fish. Therefore, before the flood season, the cages must be reinforced, and the cages should be raised to expose the surface of the water. If necessary, the open cages should be capped with a net.
Whether it is a typhoon or a torrential rain or flood, check the cage immediately afterwards to see if there is any damage, whether the piles and ropes are damaged, and whether the fish groups have died. If problems are found, repair and rescue immediately.
Fifth, regularly check the fish net
The purpose of regular network inspections: First, to check the disease, so that timely control measures can be taken; Second, in order to observe the growth of fish, in order to adjust the feed rate in time, or to feed the filter-feeding fish, in order to keep abreast of the fish Whether or not the species has reached the predetermined specifications, it will be transferred to the next stage of feeding, or be prepared to implement step-by-step splitting or striving for large-scale stay and other measures; the third is to timely understand whether the fish in the cage was stolen and escape fish.
The growth of net-fed fish should be checked once every 7-10 days, and then the feeding rate should be adjusted. The maximum number of inspections should be no more than 15 days. Otherwise, the amount of bait is not easy to grasp. It is prone to waste from multi-feeding, or less feeding of fish and poor growth of fingerlings. Filter-feeding fishes are generally checked for growth once every 30-40 days, and then depending on the survival rate of the fish species, growth specifications and individual evenness to decide whether to upgrade by tiering or to increase the size of the fish. Examination of fish pests and diseases can generally be performed in conjunction with the growth inspection before the onset of the disease in early May, and it is to be decided whether or not to immediately take preventive measures against drugs. Anti-theft and anti-escape inspections may be based on actual conditions, and are generally performed when the dynamics of fish populations are unknown and food intake suddenly decreases.
Sixth, the prevention of fish diseases
The previous section has described the identification and treatment of common fish diseases in cages. The more important measure is the prevention of fish diseases. Only by doing preventive work can we achieve the most satisfactory economic results. The commonly used prevention methods include fingerling disinfection, tool disinfection, food table disinfection, drug hanging bags, hanging larvae disinfection, medicine bait disinfection, and fingerling immersion disinfection. In a typical production cycle, it can be disinfected 2-3 times, that is, the first time the fish is stocked in the cage; the second time before the onset of the season in early May; and the third time before and after the beginning of autumn in August.
Due to the high density of intensive water culture, it is a characteristic of cage fish culture. Therefore, it is not appropriate to copy the method of preventing fish diseases in the static water environment of ponds. The following prevention methods are usually used in cages for biological diseases:
(a) Continuous drug-filling method in the whole box: The drug shall be sprayed in the full box at a certain concentration. Since the water in the cage is flowing, the disease prevention method must be repeated for a certain period of time (a few minutes) for several consecutive times. The whole box spilled due to the large amount of drugs, and do not understand the dynamics of fish in the cage, the effect is not satisfactory, so this method is rarely used.
(b) Medicinal bath dipping method: the fish in the cage are pulled up and placed in another dense-eye cage, and the dense-eye cage is placed in the original cage. Then, according to the prevalence of fish diseases, the remedy is performed. Medicinal bath dip. Because the dense-eye cage will still cause the drug concentration to drop due to prolonged immersion time, it is still necessary to add additional drugs after a certain period of time to increase the drug concentration. Due to the small volume of the cage and the dense mesh, the dipping method reduces the number of additional drugs so that the use of drugs is greatly reduced. The dipping net cage is placed in the original cage. If it is considered that the drug concentration has affected the survival of the fish in the dipping tank, the fish in the cage can be returned to the original cage, so there is no risk. The effect is also good. If the operation is too troublesome, you can also lift the four corners of the cage to allow the fish to cluster in the bottom of the cage, and then perform drug dipping. Since the bottom of the cage is covered with a dense mesh, disinfection effects and the use of small cages For drug dipping similar, but its labor intensity can be greatly reduced.
(3) Hanging and hanging bag sterilization methods: When fishes in cages are found to have diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and crustacean parasites, they can be disinfected by bleaching powder or copper sulfate hanging bags as usual. The method of use is the same as that for pond fish farming. In the case of a disease caused by bacteria, 100-150 g of bleaching powder (or the dose of the cage is used) is placed in a cloth bag, and 2 to 4 cages are hung in each cage for 3-5 consecutive days. If the fish in the cage has a disease caused by protozoa or crustaceans, the use of copper sulphate may be used instead. The specific method is the same as that used for hanging bags. Since cages are set in flowing water, the use of hanging baskets and hanging bags to prevent fish diseases does not generally produce adverse drug reactions to fish.
(d) feeding bait method: This method can be used for prevention before the onset or incidence of fish. It is particularly effective for gastroenteritis. Because the fish in the cage have developed the habit of eating at regular intervals, the medicines mixed in the bait can be fully utilized by the fish. The specific treatment steps are the same as those for treating fish grass carp with pond fish. There are generally two kinds of floating baits and heavy baits.
1. Buoyant baits: 10 grams of sulfaguanidine per 100 kg of fish are added on the first day; the dose is halved on the second to sixth days. Can also be made into bait, 6 days for a course of treatment. Fish baits formulated with 35 g of sulfaguanidine per 100 kg of fish were formulated with baits.
2. Submerged baits: Dosage and production are the same as for buoyant baits. However, rice bran and bran were used as bean cake powder in the ingredients, so that the bait after the preparation was sinking, and the fish in the pond was suitable for the diet of herring and mackerel.
Actually, when fish is raised in cages, whether herring or grass carp have been adapted to the habit of eating various foods, it is not always necessary to stick to the practice of making bait or floating baits.
(E) Injection: Intramuscular injection is one of the most effective methods. In recent years, when net-raising, vaccines for stocking fingerlings or adult fishes have been used to prevent diseases. If a metal continuous syringe injection is used, the effect can be improved and the liquid medicine can be saved.
(6) Smearing method: In the case of trauma to fish or erythroderma or print disease, drugs can be applied to the diseased fish in combination with a pull net. The method is to mix the medicine into petrolatum to make an ointment and spread it on the injured part of the fish body. This is also a good method of prevention and treatment, but most of them are only applicable to broodstock or large famous commercial fish. Practice has shown that broached fish or famous commercial fish caught in nets are smeared with penicillin ointment and have a certain effect on prevention of red dermatosis and water mildew.
Seventh, wash the nets and keep the flow of the meshes
Webs made of metal wire or synthetic fibers may be attached to algae or lower invertebrates (bryozoans, snails, mussels, barnacles, etc.) in the water, blocking the mesh, and sometimes having a large amount of suspended organic matter. Attached to the nets, the netting performance of the cages is reduced, resulting in the fish in the cages suffocating due to lack of oxygen or poor growth of fish due to the inability of the filter to eat plankton. The common methods for overcoming the attachment on the net are the following:
(1) Spreading method: Apply a layer of calcium carbonate powder or other calcium compound to the net to make the net soft and make the oil dirt less likely to adhere. In order to make the calcium carbonate powder and the cable better, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, rubber, etc. can be used as adhesives, and the adhesive is first attached to the net, and then calcium carbonate powder or a mixture of the two is applied and then applied. Online, it will be durable. Japanese marine oysters use this method for cages.
Placing asphalt on the screen can also prevent algae from adhering. In addition, applying a special layer of black paint or a layer of polyvinyl chloride can also effectively protect the metal mesh.
(b) Biological anti-blocking method: Some scraping fish such as carp, mackerel or Nile tilapia can be placed in cages to remove some of the attached algae and some of the lower invertebrates.
(c) increase the mesh method: properly increase the mesh, can increase the amount of water filter cages, such as squid, scorpion fish species, in the mesh 1 cm cage is very easy to block the mesh, but When increasing to 1.5 centimeters, theoretically, the filter surface of the mesh is increased to 2 times compared to 1 centimeter. However, increasing the size of the mesh requires increasing the size of the summer fish species. This should be considered from a global perspective.
(4) Changing the net method: Timely changing the size of the net cages, when the fish in cages are kept for a certain period of time, replacing a large net cage, which can not only reduce the clogging of cages, but also due to new adjustments. The expansion of the cage mesh into the filter mesh increases the supply of oxygen and plankton.
(5) Lifting the sinking method: Lifting or sinking the cage can reduce the clogging of the mesh. This is because most of the algae are attached within 1m below the surface of the water. Therefore, the nets should be exposed and exposed (fixed cages) on a regular basis, and the algae on the meshes can be sunburned. If the cage is a closed or floating cage, the cage can be sunk 1 meter underwater, which also helps to overcome the clogging of the cage network.
(6) Cleaning method: If it is a suspended organic attachment, you can use a broom or wicker, etc. to slap the attachment of the mesh to make it fall off.
(7) Washing method: water spray gun flushing. As long as one person brings up a net, the other one uses a water gun to wash the net, which has a low labor intensity and speeds up the cleaning of the net.
All of the above methods can reduce the blockage of the network to varying degrees. It is very important to prevent the plugging of meshes, especially if the fish is fished on the net. Can not reasonably solve this problem, poor exchange of water inside and outside the cage, resulting in poor food, it is difficult to obtain large-scale species of white bream fish. Bamboo mesh cages or metal cages can also cause mesh clogging, but they are better than synthetic fiber mesh clothing.
Eight, arrested from the net
When the fish population in the cage reaches the predetermined harvest season, production and specification requirements, or due to the market's urgent need, it can be collected from the net. After catching, they should be sold as soon as possible. If necessary, they can also be kept in cages for several days. However, it is not allowed to store or salt fish in ice, thus losing the significance of cage fish farming.
The time taken for catching is generally when the temperature of the water drops to 15°C. This is because the fish tend to slow down or stop, and feeding the fish is often not worth the candle. If the fish body weight reaches a predetermined commodity specification in advance, it can be arrested immediately. On the other hand, if there is a large concentration of products and the selling price is not high, it is also possible to hold another stage. In short, the catch time of cage fish farming should consider market needs and economic benefits.
The method of catching is to use the live fish boat to directly weigh in the cage side and drag the cage to the shore to hoist and weigh with the crane. The former method uses two boats for catching, and two people lift the two corners of the cage on one boat. The nets are continuously collected to make the fish cluster in the opposite corner. At this time, the people on the opposite boat use a dip net. The sea catches the fish in the cage and weighs it; the latter method frees the cage from the frame, secures the mouth of the cage with a rope, and drags the cage to the shore by a boat. , and then use a crane to lift the fish on the shore to weigh it.
The filter-mesh-type lid net cage is often inserted from the bottom of the cage by a long-brimmed bamboo during collection, and the bottom of the cage is floated by the buoyancy of the bamboo, and then the two sides use the boat to roll the bamboo from one end of the cage to the other. At one end, the top cover is removed and the fish is used to catch the sea or pass it into a small floating cage.
Nine, cleaning nets and collections
The cages must be cleaned before they are collected, otherwise the cages will be easily bitten by the mouse during the collection process. The nets used in the first year do not need to be repaired immediately, because even if it is a new net, the phenomenon of broken nets may occur during the collection process, and it can be carefully checked and repaired before the second year of use.
Ten, box and winter
Some of the fish in the cages do not have the weight of the market, or the intended purpose of the rearing is to raise fish species. This will require a period of breeding in the coming year. This will go through the winter. When the box is placed together, several cages of fish can be sorted by size into a box. For the safety of the wintering phase, the boxed fish population can be placed in another large cage, so the probability of fish escape is smaller. Alternatively, the top of the cage can be covered with a net to make a floating mark. After being inspected, it will sink into the bottom of the lake to overwinter and will be reared in boxes in the spring of the second year.
Daily management techniques of cage fish farming
First, fish species into the box