(1) Site preparation and spring open-field cultivation are the main cultivation season in China. Planting area *, market volume *. Beans are strong in drought resistance, but are afraid of waterlogging. It is more suitable to cultivate sandy loam or loam with deep soil layers and good ventilation and drainage. In order to reduce the occurrence of diseases, it is suitable to rotate with other vegetables for 2-3 years. Beans are sensitive to salt damage and are not suitable for cultivation on saline soil. They are selected as the plots for cultivating kidney beans in spring. They are deeply turned after pulling seedlings in the autumn of last year. They can experience the pests in the frozen dead soil after winter. To increase soil temperature and maintain moisture, which is beneficial to seed germination, root growth and rhizobia activity. In order to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients and increase yields, a plantar fertilizer must be applied before the milling process. Generally, 3000-5000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu is applied. Flat borders are mostly used in the north, and rains are heavy in the south.

(2) Direct seeding and seedling planting Due to the weak regeneration ability of kidney bean root system, dry field seeds are generally used for direct seeding in spring, especially in northern areas. The seeding period is several days before frost break, and the temperature of the soil layer is required to be stable at 10 ℃. The northern region is generally in the first half of April, the south of the Yangtze River region is from late March to early April, and the southern China region can be sown in late February. Watering and moistening should be carried out properly a few days before sowing. Do not water too much to avoid rotting. Spring sowing kidney bean has a low temperature in the early growth period, the main vine grows slowly, and it can expand the row spacing and reduce the plant spacing. This can not only strive for good light, but also facilitate the occurrence of side branches. The width of the vine bean border is 1.2-1.5 meters, and the row spacing is 70-80 cm Border sowing two rows, plant spacing 30-40 cm, sow 3-4 seeds per hole, heighten the stand or take high and short intercropping. Dwarf lettuce can shorten the row spacing to 35-40 cm, that is, 1.0-1.2 m wide border sowing 3 rows, plant spacing 15-20 cm.

Early spring in the south is often low temperature and rainy weather, and the vegetable field is exposed to the ground and easily rotten and dead. In order to prevent this situation, seedlings are often raised in the protected area in advance, and then planted in the open field. Since the late 1970s in the northern region, spring bean bean open field cultivation has also generally used nutrient bowls or nutritious earth seedlings for seedlings, which has achieved good effects of premature and high yield Time to market can be 7-10 days earlier than direct cultivation. In order to cultivate strong seedlings, nutrition should be rich in nutrients. Generally use fertile garden soil 60% -70%, decomposed manure and stable manure 20% -30%, superphosphate 1% -2%, ammonium nitrate 0.5%, plant ash 5% -10%, crushed and sieved, even mixing.

Seeding period of seedling

To determine the planting period and the age of the planting seedlings. The planting period requires the ground temperature to be stable above 10 ° C and the air temperature above 3-4 ° C. The age of the planting seedlings should not be too large, so as not to seriously damage the roots, it is better to take about 25 days. Due to the different climatic conditions in different regions, the planting period and planting period of kidney bean are also different. Most of the North China region is sown from late February to early March, while the southern provinces are from late January to late February. The sowing time is generally after 10 o'clock in the morning. Water the nursery pot or nutritious earth first, dig holes and sow after water seeps, sow 3-4 seeds per hole. Cover 5 cm thick fine soil after sowing. The whole seedling stage is generally not watered, and the temperature is maintained at 20-25 ° C after sowing, the temperature is maintained at 15-20 ° C during the day after the cotyledons are unfolded, and 10-15 ° C at night. 4-5 days before planting, the wind exercise was amplified, and the temperature at night fell to 8-12 ° C, and at the same time, the cultivation was strengthened to protect the soil moisture. It is planted after late frost, and the density is the same as that of direct seeding. After planting, rooting water is poured to slow down the seedlings, and the amount of watering should be small.

(3) Field management Kidney beans are cultivated in the open field in spring. Generally, the seedlings can be released after two weeks after sowing. However, due to the low temperature in early spring and poor climatic conditions, there may be a lack of seedlings, although some seedlings grow, but the seedlings are too late, or the seedlings are too weak, and the two basic single leaves are not healthy. Missing or weak seedlings will inevitably affect yield. Therefore, when the stem leaves are unfolded, the seedlings should be checked, and the weak seedlings should be pulled out in time, and the healthy seedlings should be replaced in the holes where the seedlings are lacking. The seedlings used for replenishing the seedlings are cultivated in the nursery pot or nutritious earth at the same time as the open-field sowing. Some hole seedlings are growing normally, but only 1-2 trees need to be replanted. To ensure that 3-4 normal seedlings per hole.

When the direct seeding is unearthed and the planting seedlings are alive, plowing the soil should be carried out to promote the soil to heat up under the sun and improve the soil permeability to create good conditions for the growth of kidney bean root system and rhizobia activity. . Plough deeper between the rows and between the plants, and shallower near the roots of the plants to avoid root damage. When the lettuce beans start bolting, they should be inserted in time. Generally, they should be inserted into the human character frame or the herringbone flower frame, and the vines should be properly introduced to make the vines of each plant evenly distributed on the pole.

Before the plant blooms and pods, generally only tilling without watering, that is, squatting seedlings. Control water during this period to prevent the plants from growing too vegetatively and consuming too many nutrients, resulting in flowers and pods stunted due to insufficient nutrition, falling flowers and pods. If the soil moisture is good, water until the pods are formed. Only when the soil is too dry, water is poured once before flowering to enter the full pod formation period, and sufficient water must be supplied. If water is scarce during this period, the pods grow slowly, the pod wall fibers increase, the yield is low, and the quality is poor. Water is poured every 5-7 days throughout the pod setting period to stabilize the soil temperature at 60% -70% of the field's water holding capacity. In order to keep the soil well ventilated and avoid rooting, it should be lightly poured and diligently poured in the hot season.

In the early stage of plant growth, if the plant grows vigorously, it is necessary to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied or not. At the pod-setting stage, the growth of plants and flowers and pods consume a lot of nutrients, which is the key fertilizer application period. Top dressing during this period can prevent premature senescence of the plants and prolong the pod setting period. If there is a lack of fertilizer and water, the plants will soon age and die. The top dressing is mainly phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. In addition to root fertilization, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate can also be applied by foliar spray. It is better to dress manure and manure with top dressing.

(4) The harvesting standard of harvested kidney beans is that the tender pods are fully grown, the seams on both sides have less thick fiber, the pod wall is tender and tender, the fiber is less, the sugar content is high, and the seed size only accounts for about 1/3 of the pod width . The harvesting time varies according to the method of use. The fresh pods can be harvested about 10 days after flowering; for quick-freezing and storage processing, in order to meet the uniform shape and size specifications, 5-6 days after flowering The young pods are harvested; the seeds are used for food, and then harvested only when the seeds are fully mature 20-30 days after flowering.

(5) Spring bean regenerative cultivation When the harvest of kidney bean pods cultivated in the open field in spring is not over, continue to provide sufficient water to the plants to prevent aging, promote the occurrence of axillary buds, grow new shoots, and flower and pod again, called regenerative cultivation. The specific measures are: after the spring stubble pods are harvested, apply topdressing 2-3 times in succession to maintain good vegetative growth of the plant, and promote the occurrence of lateral vines with a large number of inflorescences. At the same time, the latent flowers on the top of the main vine are also nutritionally good And began to pod. Generally, the reclaimed kidney beans can be harvested after about 15 days, and the harvest period can be extended by about 1 month. It can supplement the supply in the summer and low season, and increase the yield by 20% -30%. The pods of the regenerated stubble are often too small. Sufficient fertilizer and water will make the plant grow vigorously and robust in the later period, and it is necessary to prevent diseases and insect pests in time, and remove the old yellow leaves under 50 cm to improve the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the plant. It is too late to plant autumn vegetables after regenerating kidney bean seedlings, and can only produce overwinter vegetables. Therefore, whether to carry out regenerative cultivation should be considered from the aspects of annual production planning and the potential of increasing yield of regenerated stubble.

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