What temperature conditions do tomatoes need to grow? Tomatoes are warm vegetables. Generally speaking, they can adapt to tomato growth in the temperature range of 15 ~ 35 ° C. The optimum temperature for assimilation is 20 ~ 30 ℃. When the temperature is as high as 33 ℃, the growth will be affected. When it reaches 40 ℃, it will stop growing. Growth slowed down below 10 ° C, and stopped growing at 5 ° C. Tomatoes will be frozen to death at minus 1 ~ 2 ° C, but the seedlings that have undergone cold resistance can withstand minus 2 ° C for a short time. The optimum ground temperature for tomato growth is 20 ~ 23 ℃. When the local temperature drops to 6 ℃, the root system stops growing. There are some differences in the temperature requirements of tomatoes at different developmental stages. The optimum temperature in the seedling stage is 20-25 ° C during the day and 10-15 ° C at night. Too high or too low temperature at the seedling stage can easily lead to weak seedling growth, flower bud differentiation, poor development, and reduced flower quality, and it is easy to produce flowers and fruits during the flowering and fruiting period. The flowering period is sensitive to temperature. The optimal temperature is 20-30 ° C during the day and 15-20 ° C at night. When encountering low temperature or high temperature above 30 ℃ during flowering period, pollen grain germination and pollen tube elongation are poor, fertilization is poor, and flower and fruit fall easily. The suitable temperature during the result period was 24 ~ 26 ℃ during the day and 12 ~ 17 ℃ at night. The optimum temperature for the fruit coloring period is 20 ~ 25 ℃, and the coloring is not good above 30 ℃. Tomato growth and development need a certain temperature difference between day and night, especially in the fruiting period. Tomato plants carry out photosynthesis to produce nutrients during the day, and appropriately reduce the temperature at night, which is conducive to the transportation and accumulation of nutrients, and promotes the growth of roots, stems, leaves and fruits, thereby improving yield and quality. Therefore, tomato production in greenhouses in winter often appears excessively long due to excessive heating at night. Suitable temperature conditions for different stages of tomato The relative humidity of the air in the shed in the early growth period should be maintained at 60 to 65%. The relative humidity of the air in the middle and late stages of growth should be maintained at 45 to 55%. What lighting conditions do tomatoes need to grow? Tomato is a short-day crop with hi light, but most varieties do not require strict sunlight, and do not require a specific photoperiod. As long as the temperature is appropriate, it can be cultivated throughout the year. Generally speaking, fertility is good under 16 hours of light. The light saturation point of tomatoes is 70,000 lux, and normal development can be achieved at 30,000 to 35,000 lux. No light needed during germination; The requirements for light at the seedling stage are relatively strict. Insufficient light delays flower bud differentiation, which increases the number of flower nodes, reduces the number of flowers, and reduces the quality of flower buds. Insufficient light during flowering period may easily cause flowers and fruits to fall; In the fruiting period, under strong light, there are many fruit set and single fruit is large. In low light, the fruit set rate is low, the weight of single fruit is reduced, and hollow fruit and tendon rot are easy to appear. What kind of moisture conditions do tomatoes need to grow? The stems and leaves of tomato are luxuriant, and the transpiration is strong. The transpiration coefficient is about 800, which requires more water. However, the tomato root system is very developed, its water absorption capacity is strong, and its water requirements are semi-drought-resistant. The relative humidity of the air is 45-50%. Tomatoes have different water requirements at different growth stages. The seedlings grow quickly. To avoid excessive length and disease, soil moisture should not be too high, and irrigation should be properly controlled. Before the first inflorescence bears fruit, too much water in the soil can easily cause plants to grow too long, causing poor root system development and causing flowering. After the fruit of the first inflorescence is swollen, the water requirement is obviously increased. During the fruit swelling period, the water absorption of each tomato per day is 1 to 2 liters. According to the soil transpiration situation, water is appropriately circulated and the water is poured in small water. The watering interval in the fruit period is 5 to 7 days. Watering principle ①The tomato root system is very developed, the length is long, and watering is very important. First of all, ridges are ridged to prevent flooding, to ensure the normal growth of the crops is not lack of water, the roots will not die, and stem rot is not allowed. The ridge height is generally 22 ~ 25 cm, divided into rows. The large rows are 80 cm wide and the small rows are 60 cm wide. The small rows rise into a "V" shape. Water is poured once 5 to 7 days before planting, 25 cm high ridges, watered to 18-20 cm, watered. The faster the speed, the better. This is called mash water. After 5 ~ 7 days, the seedlings are planted on the water level of the ridge, and then the water is planted to ensure that the seedlings are on the same water level. After 5 ~ 7 days, the seedlings are watered slowly. Carry out a paddle when the moisture is good, to increase soil permeability and prevent water evaporation. ② Cover the mulch in advance to prevent water loss. The mulch must be white. The black mulch will affect the growth of the root system. When the mulch is good when the temperature is high, do not spread it and place it on the edge of a small ridge to prevent high temperature damage to the crop leaves. No watering for 20 to 25 days. The first ears grow to eggs or the third ears are set and then watered and fertilized. When the seedlings reach 40 cm in height, when it is the hottest at noon, press the seedlings to one side and then follow the direction of the ridge to prevent them from growing too long. The ground part is no longer mentioned, and many adventitious roots will grow in the future, which will increase the rate of fruit expansion in the later stage and increase yield. What kind of soil does tomato need to grow? Tomatoes have less stringent soil requirements. It is best to use fertile loam with deep soil layers, good drainage, and rich in organic matter. Tomatoes need to absorb a lot of nutrients from the soil during the growing period. To produce 5,000 kg of fruit, 33 kg of potassium oxide, 10 kg of nitrogen, and 5 kg of phosphorus need to be absorbed from the soil. 73% of these elements are distributed in fruits, and 27% are found in vegetative organs such as stems, leaves, and roots. How to increase the light of protected tomato? Reasonable layout: When tomato is transplanted and planted, strive to have the same seedling size, plant growth is neat, and reduce shading between plants. At the same time, it is better to plant the pupae in the north-south direction so that they can accept the sun as much as possible and avoid blocking each other. Keep the shed film clean: Water droplets, dust and other debris on the shed film will reduce the light transmittance by about 30%. It is recommended to use a drip-free film. Reasonably cover the straw curtain: Under the premise of good insulation work, the curtain is usually opened 0.5 to 1 hour after the sun comes out, and then the curtain is covered half an hour before the sun sets. Especially in rainy days when the rain stops, it is also necessary to unveil the curtain properly to make full use of the sun's scattered light. Set up a reflective screen: use an aluminum-plated reflective screen with a width of 2 meters and a length of 3 meters to hang it on the north side of the greenhouse to make it vertical, which can increase the ground by about 40% and increase the temperature of the greenhouse by 3 ° C to 4 ° C. In addition, laying silver-gray film on the ground can also increase the light intensity between plants. Do a good job in plant management: timely conduct field management such as pruning, fight power, bind vines, fight old leaves, etc., in order to facilitate ventilation and light transmission in the shed. The role of various fertilizer elements ①Nitrogen Fertilizer: To improve the speed of crop nutrient operation, lengthen internodes, lengthen petioles, and open large leaves, and use them in limited quantities. Excessive use of crops will increase internode length, thin stems, extra long petioles, extra large and thin leaves, and light leaves. Yellow, appear late flowering, small fruit, slow fruit expansion, affect yield, reduce disease resistance (old shed must use less chicken manure and compound fertilizer). Cold resistance is also greatly reduced. ② Calcium superphosphate: Phosphorus and calcium, calcium fertilizer increases crop cell division, expands and expands fruit, strengthens flower organs, improves pollination rate, reduces deformed fruits. When the ground temperature is low, the root system grows slowly and it is difficult to absorb calcium, which can cause deficiency. Calcium malformed fruits, tendon rot fruits, remedy, water nitrate application of calcium nitrate, when each ear grows to the size of peanut rice, spraying calcium nitrate once per ear can prevent it. ③ Phosphate fertilizer: Promote crop root growth, determine the number of root growth, reduce the number of major roots lacking phosphorus, and affect the nutritional transport of crops. Phosphate fertilizer must be used in the early stage of ground turning. Drought resistance, can reduce the number of watering, prevent more watering, high humidity, and serious diseases. ④ Potassium fertilizer: Potash should be used to make potassium sulfate, strong straw, and swell the fruit, so that the fruit color is good, the surface is bright, the hardness is good, and it is resistant to transportation. ⑤ Magnesium fertilizer: increase the chlorophyll content of crops and promote photosynthesis. Insufficient magnesium fertilizer will cause irregular large-scale macular chlorosis. The distribution of various trace elements is directly related to magnesium. ⑥ Zinc fertilizer: make the crop nutrition run faster, the growth point grows fast, non-yellowing shrinkage also photosynthesis. ⑦Iron fertilizer: After the crop absorbs, it can inhibit the growth of bacteria, form a protective film on the surface of the crop leaf, and improve the disease resistance of the crop. In the absence of iron, the plant leaves appear yellowed and their resistance is reduced. ⑧ Boron fertilizer: increase crop cell division, promote flower bud differentiation, improve crop reproductive growth and vegetative growth balance. Without boron, the buds are not formed or the buds are small. 铜 Copper sulfate: improve the disease resistance of crops, and form a wax layer on the surface layer of crop leaves and straws, so that bacteria cannot enter. There is an amount for each element used, and excessive use of each element will affect the absorption of other elements. How to fertilize tomatoes? Full application of base fertilizer: The base fertilizer is mainly rotten high-quality organic fertilizer, which is applied at 2500 ~ 3000kg per acre, and it is matched with the appropriate amount of fertilizer according to the maturity and cultivation period of tomato varieties. ◠For early maturing varieties, 25-30 kg of superphosphate, 15-20 kg of potassium sulfate are added per acre, and about 10 kg of urea is added. ◠For late-maturing varieties, nitrogen fertilizers must be properly controlled. ◠The distribution of nitrogen fertilizer for plastic mulch cultivation of tomatoes is generally considered to be based on base and chase. In addition to phosphate fertilizer, full-layer fertilization can be implemented to uniformly mix the fertilizer with the soil in the plow layer to achieve the blending of soil and fertilizer. Calcium superphosphate is mixed with organic fertilizers and applied to planting holes to reduce soil phosphorus fixation. After the tomato seedlings were lined up in the planting hole, 500 kg of dung was then poured to stabilize the seedlings. In addition, in order to make tomato roots grow normally and increase the sugar content, it is effective to apply a small amount of boron fertilizer when sowing. Reasonable topdressing: 7 to 10 days after planting, topdress the fruit fertilizer with watering, and apply 500kg of manure per mu. When the first ear fruit began to swell, 10 to 15 kg of urea was applied in combination with watering. The first ear is almost harvested. When the second and third ears are swollen, the plant enters the peak production period. About 1,000 kg of manure is diluted or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer per acre, and it is best to alternately apply the manure and nitrogen fertilizer for 3 times. Can achieve strong seedlings, prevent premature senescence and improve fruit quality. At each fertilization stage, 200 ~ 300 times liquid of sea elf biological stimulant can be used to play a variety of functions such as rooting and strong seedlings, balanced nutrition, and flowers and fruits. Spray fertilizer in time: in the middle and late stages of tomato growth, stem and leaf growth begins to slow down. In order to fight for mid-to-late yield and prevent premature senescence, foliar application of 500-880 times the source and reservoir of phosphorus and potassium has a good effect on promoting fruit development. How to fertilize tomatoes in a protected field scientifically? Pay attention to organic fertilizer: Organic fertilizer contains comprehensive nutrients. The fertilizer effect is slow and long. The organic fertilizer used must be fermented, otherwise, harmful gas will be easily generated. Generally apply 4000 ~ 5000kg of high quality organic fertilizer per acre. Microbial inoculation preparations can also be applied at a dosage of 2 to 3 kg per acre. Balanced application of chemical fertilizers: Chemical fertilizers have high nutrient content and fast fertilizer effect, which can make up for the deficiency of organic fertilizers and certain nutrients in the soil. As long as the application is balanced, it will not cause harm to plants and the environment. Commonly used fertilizers are: urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate, borax, zinc sulfate and ternary compound fertilizer. Protective Tomato Topdressing Principles The general principle is "one control, two promotion, three sprays, four taboos" One control: During the period from the time when the tomato is planted to the time before fruit setting, the seedlings should be topdressed and the amount of topdressing should be controlled. Too much fertilizer is too concentrated, which can cause plants to grow too long and even cause flowers and fruits to fall. Therefore, in the case of severe lack of fertilizer in plants, generally the amount of topdressing should be controlled, and a slight application of thin manure water or biochemical organic fertilizer solution can be used. Second promotion: Tomatoes should be topdressed during the fruit expansion and harvest periods to promote their growth and development. Quickly chase the fast-acting fertilizer once or twice when the first ear of fruit reaches the size of walnuts. Generally, 30% of human feces or 5% sulfur-containing compound fertilizer extract is applied to ensure that the plants do not lose fertilizer. After the young fruit enters the expansion stage, in order to meet the needs of plant growth and avoid dehydration in the later period, the method of "hard pursuit" should be adopted. Generally, it is applied once every 10 days on a sunny day with a concentration of 40% of human urine or 5% Sulfur-containing compound fertilizer extract. Three sprays: When soil topdressing cannot be performed during the fruit growth period, foliar fertilizer should be sprayed 2 or 3 times. The spray can be sprayed with 300 ~ 500 times the liquid of the sea elf biostimulant, and 500 times the source and reservoir of phosphorus and potassium Spray to improve tomato quality. Four taboos: one is to avoid pruning and heading when the soil is wet and high at noon; the second is to avoid too much fertilization, because concentrated fertilization can make plants grow too long and cause harm; the third is to avoid moist soil Fertilization, otherwise it is prone to physiological diseases such as flower fall, fallen leaves and fruit drop. Fourth, avoid fertilizing under high temperature conditions, otherwise the water evaporation of plant leaves will be large, which will affect the fertilizer effect. It is suitable to apply it in the early morning or evening. Improve soil and prevent repeated cropping Due to continuous planting, the soil is prone to heavy cropping and affects yield. Soil improvement can make the land "live" again, so that the crops grow normally and achieve high yield. The key to soil improvement is to cultivate the amount of beneficial bacteria in the soil, help decompose the fertilizer in the soil, accelerate transformation, and help crops better absorb. It is recommended to use the sea elf biostimulant spraying type, which can effectively loosen the soil, improve soil and reduce acidity, increase soil organic matter, and stimulate root development. Increasing the quality and yield of tomatoes by dipping flowers Dip flower concentration: 2 ml of 2,4-D and 1 to 1.5 kg of water, 2 ml of anti-dropin and 1.3 to 1.6 kg of water, the best temperature is 18 to 26 ℃. Methods and techniques for dipping flowers: There are techniques for dipping flowers in tomatoes, which can improve the yield and quality of tomatoes. It can make the fruit size of tomatoes uniform, and expand and change the color of several fruits at the same time. Adjusting the time when dipping flowers plays a key role in the fruit uniformity of tomatoes. ◠When the tomato is blooming, if the first flower of each ear blooms too early and the subsequent flowers are enough and sufficient, pluck the first flower, and also deformed flowers. ◠If two flowers bloom at the same time, no deformities can be left. Do not dip or spray flowers immediately. After two days, click on the flowers and wait for the later buds to open slightly. Stimulate and pollinate the ambassadors together while each ear is evenly sized. If the first two flowers that are bloomed are treated in advance, it will lead to rapid nutrient capture, delay the later blooms, and make the blooming time longer. The fruits will be uneven, and even the later flowers will appear stiff because of poor nutrition Not growing up. 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Core technology of tomato cultivation management