Tomatoes cultivate age-appropriate seedlings
Section 1 Seedlings of suitable age Due to the rapid growth and development of tomato seedlings, appropriate environmental conditions should be created during the seedling stage; the normal growth of the roots, stems and leaves and the differentiation of flower buds should be coordinated so as to cultivate healthy seedlings of the right age. The standard of high-quality tomato seedlings of good age is: thick stems, short internodes, large and thick leaves, dark green color, well-developed root systems, multiple lateral roots, and early flower buds. In cultivating strong seedlings, we must do a good job of the following work. First, the choice of seedbed To cultivate tomato seedlings to choose a good drainage, thick soil layer, fertile soil, high organic matter content, pH about neutral, in the last two years did not plant eggplant class to carry out nursery. The landform conditions should be treated differently depending on the season. To cultivate the seedlings cultivated in the off-season in late autumn, one should choose a highland surrounded by wind-resistant objects or a south-facing position with a certain slope. In the winter, because it is the dry and rainy season, it is better to choose flat lands, especially rice fields. Spring nursery should choose the surrounding open plots to enhance the light, the best choice for the summer mountain seedlings. The tomato seedbeds should be soiled as soon as possible and limed to adjust the pH. The specifications of tomato seedbeds are generally 10 meters long and 1.5 meters wide. Second, the cultivation of soil preparation 1, high-quality culture soil should have the conditions to cultivate tomato seedlings of high-quality culture soil must have a good physical structure. It is rich in nutrients and requires chemical properties (mainly soil pH) to be relatively stable. The test results showed that the bulk density of the culture soil should be between 0.5-0.7, the total porosity is 70%-80%, and the pH value should be slightly neutral with alkali. 2, the composition and ratio of culture soil According to the above requirements, commonly used in the production of nursery matrix fertile garden soil, heap manure, bar excrement, pig cow dung residue, carbonized chaff, peat and so on. Garden soil is the main component of cultivated soil, which should account for 30%-50%. To prevent soil infection and disease, do not choose to plant vegetable garden soil of Solanaceae for the past two years. It is best to choose ginger, beans or garlic and soil. Fertile rice field soil; garden soil should be fully baked, broken, sieved, and kept dry. Organic fertilizers such as pig dung and heap manure are the major sources of nutrients and should account for 20--30% of cultivated soil. These organic fertilizers must be collected in advance, and be piled up to prevent rain, so that it fully rot fermented. Carbonized husk or grass ash can increase the potassium content of the culture soil, make it porous and increase the pH, and its content can also account for 20%-30% of the culture soil. According to the author's experimental study, the cultivated soil for the cultivation of tomato seedlings can be prepared with 2/4 garden soil, 1/4 pig manure residue and 1/4 carbonized chaff (volume ratio). In addition, you can add a small amount of superphosphate; if necessary, add appropriate amount of lime to adjust the pH. 3, the method of disinfection of culture soil commonly used formalin (40% formaldehyde) disinfection. Generally 1000 kg of culture soil, with formalin solution 200-300 ml (ie 0.2-0.3 kg). Add 25-30 kilograms of water, stir and mix thoroughly after spraying. And covered with a layer of plastic film closed for 2-3 days. Remove the film 6-7 days until the drug gas can be used up. 4. After the use of culture soil as a seedbed, one week before sowing, the culture soil can be laid, and the thickness is 6-8 cm. The soil for each 10 m 2 of the bed needs to be cultivated with 12-14 m. The uniform thickness is required, the bed surface is flat, and the cover soil after sowing also requires the use of this culture soil. III. Seed treatment and sowing 1. Determination of sowing date The determination of tomato sowing date must take into account its requirements for environmental conditions, suitability of varieties, and the supply period of commodity requirements. For the first two conditions, tomato is used in Hainan, etc. In the North Yunnan melon production area, most varieties can be planted in autumn, winter, and spring; if it is a heat-resistant variety, it can also be sown in the summer. However, from the market need to consider, it is still mainly winter and spring anti-season cultivation, its suitable sowing date is from September to November. If spring and summer cultivation is mainly based on local market sales, December and January are the best sowing dates. 2. Seed treatment Seed treatment of tomatoes, like other solanaceous vegetables, is mainly soaking and germination. (1) Soaking: There are many methods for soaking seeds. Tomatoes are mainly soaked in hot water and soaked in liquid. The soaking method of warm soup is: The seeds are placed in gauze bags, first placed in room temperature water immersed for 15 minutes, and then transferred to about 55 °C half-open water immersed for 15 minutes, and constantly stirring and timely replenishment of hot water to maintain the water temperature required Temperature, then let the water temperature gradually drop or into the warm water of 30 °C continue soaking for 4-5 hours, and finally wash the slime attached to the seed coat. Liquid soaking should be targeted for the prevention of a disease and select the appropriate drug. If it is to control the early blight of tomato, first soak the seed with warm water for 3-4 hours, then immerse it in 40% formalin 100 times, remove it after 20 minutes, seal it for 2-3 hours, and finally rinse with clean water. Control tomato virus disease, the same choice of water immersion 3-4 hours, transferred to 10% trisodium phosphate or 2% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, removed after 20 minutes, rinse with water several times, until pH test paper test is neutral . (2) Germination: Germination can be performed according to the amount of seed in the germination box, thermostatic precipitating box and other simple germination apparatus. In the germination process, the key is to control the temperature, followed by adjusting the humidity and changing the air, the temperature of the tomato seed germination is 22-23°C. In this range, the implementation of variable temperature germination is more conducive to the emergence of seedlings and strong. To ensure oxygen and suitable moisture, it should be turned about once every 6 hours and some moisture should be added according to the degree of dryness and humidity. If necessary, it can be washed to remove the slime on the surface of the seeds. Under such germination conditions, the germination of tomato seeds can be completed within 2-3 days. 3, sowing tomatoes mainly direct sowing method. The seedbed shall be soaked for half a day or a day before sowing, so that the water will infiltrate about 10 centimeters. That is, in addition to the infiltration culture soil, the seedbed also has to infiltrate 2-4 cm. When we sowing, wet seeds should be mixed with some dry fine soil, and they should be sowed back and forth. The seeding rate is calculated on dry seeds, and 50-75 grams per 10 square meters seedling bed can be used to meet the needs of 2-3 acres of Daejeon. After sowing, sprinkle a thin layer of cover seed culture soil and cover the plastic film or shade net in time. Four, seedbed management tomatoes and other Solanaceous vegetables, if you take a seedlings, can also be divided into four periods during the seedbed growth period, namely the emergence period, the heartbreaking period, vigorous growth period and hardening seedlings. 1. Seedling management from seeding to cotyledon micro-exhibition is the emergence period, which takes about 3 days, mainly to promote seedlings quick and neat, and must maintain high humidity and control higher temperatures. The temperature control is suitable for 22-24°C, it can be increased to 25-26°C during the day and can be reduced to about 20°C during the night. In order to keep the soil moist, it is generally not appropriate to remove the cover when the bed temperature is not too high. 2. The management of the broken heart period from the cotyledon micro exhibition to the first true leaf exhibition is the broken heart period, about 4 days. In order to prevent the formation of tall seedlings and promote the first long-term rooting in a regular period, major control measures are taken. First of all, as much as possible when the seedlings are protected from freezing. Second, it is appropriate to reduce the temperature, control the daytime 16-18 °C, night 12-14 °C. The third is to control the watering and lower the bed soil temperature. In addition, time seedlings are applied when the seedlings are crowded. 3, vigorously growing seedlings after the growth of the heart to accelerate the vigorous growth period. In order to coordinate the growth of vegetative growth with reproductive growth, management measures should be taken to promote control and integration. It is mainly to provide suitable temperature, strong light, sufficient moisture and nutrients. 1 Control day and night temperatures of 20-24°C/14-15°C; day/night temperatures of 16-18°C/12-14°C. 2 In the premise of ensuring the above temperature, generally do not need to cover, in order to facilitate ventilation. 3 Ensure the supply of moisture and nutrients. Normally in normal sunny weather, water should be sprayed every other day to keep bed soil wet. Even at low temperature and rainy weather, water should be sprayed every 2-3 days to maintain the bed. Semi-dry semi-wet state. In the case of bed soil fertility, watering can be sprayed with 2-3 times of nutrient solution. The nutrient solution should pay attention to the combination of N, P and K. The total concentration of the three should not exceed 0.2%. Here is a nutritional solution formulation for reference applications. That is, 50 grams of urea, 80 grams of potassium sulfate, 50 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, add 100 kilograms of water, the solution concentration of 0.18%. NPK special compound fertilizer can also be used for preparation. 4 When the seedlings are infected, they can be sprayed with 50ppm paclobutrazol or take loose soil and other measures. 4. The period of hardening and seedling management can be carried out 3-4 days before planting. Mainly to take control measures, including control of humidity and cooling, remove the cover and so on. Necessary to bed soil or intentional loose soil roots. Section II Soil remediation and colonization 1. Soil remediation 1. Selection of soil and soil preparation for cultivation Tomatoes should be selected for deep soil, fertile soil, good ventilation, convenient drainage, strong water retention capacity, and neutral or slightly acidic sandy pH. Loam or clay loam is better. In order to reduce soil infections and nematode damage, tomatoes should not be used as continuous crops. It is best to use paddy soils that meet the above requirements or soils that have not been sown in the last two years. Prepare a tomato plantation. If there is free time after the harvest, you should plunge the soil 26-30 centimeters deep as soon as possible, and then deepen it once in a timely manner. 7-10 days before planting, you can start to work on soil preparation. More than one tomato planted in a double row, the width is generally 1.6 meters (baggage ditch), the requirements of the real under virtual turtle shape. 2, adjust the soil pH and Shiji Fei Hainan and other major melon vegetable production areas are mostly acidic soil, generally above the pH. Therefore, be sure to increase the soil pH before planting. Generally after the first turn to the ground, quick lime 80-100 kilograms should be sprinkled per acre, individual serious acid soil can also increase the amount of appropriate use. The soil preparation must be combined with basal fertilization. The application method adopts the combination of paving and acupoint application. Because tomatoes are a kind of vegetables that need more fertilizer, and a reasonable ratio between various nutrients. According to the study, the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the whole plant of tomato is N:P2O5:K2O=2.5:1:5, while the absorption rate of N and K2O in plants is 40%-50%; the rate of absorption to P2O5 is 20%; According to this conversion, the proportion of fertilization to the three elements should be 1:1:2. Therefore, the type of fertilization cannot be single, otherwise it will affect the fruit yield and quality. According to the author's many years of experimental practice, it can be proved that the cultivated tomato can be decomposed Organic compost, cake fertilizer, superphosphate, and compound fertilizer with high P were used as base fertilizer; the application rates per mu were 2000-3000 kg, 80 kg, 30 kg, and 40 kg, respectively. Among them, the cake compost and 50%-60% of the organic compost were thrown into the soil before the last site preparation. The remaining organic fertilizer, superphosphate, and compound fertilizer were thoroughly mixed and applied to the planting hole. In this way, both the need for early growth of nutrients and the prevention of premature aging are effectively prevented. 3. Coverage of ground-covered tomatoes for diversified cultivation can effectively increase ground temperature, maintain humidity, and control weeds, thus significantly promoting growth and increasing early yields. Before covering the mulching film, the soil surface should be crushed and leveled, and the colonization points after fertilization should be marked. The film should be carried out in sunny and windless weather. It should be close to the soil surface and tightly sealed around the soil. Second, the colonization and colonization of tomato seedlings depends on the size of the seedlings, that is, physiological seedlings. In general, high-quality, high-yield cultivation of tomatoes is suitable for middle-aged planting seedlings. Its standard is: seedling height is about 23 centimeters, 6-7 leaves, early buds. In all parts of Hainan, the standard for planting is reached, and the calendar seedling age is about 35 days. 2. The planting density is generally two lines in a width of 1.6 meters (one ditch), and the plant spacing differs depending on the species ripeness and pruning method. If you choose to use early maturing varieties and take a single pole pruning, each plant leaves 3-4 ear fruit, plant spacing 35-40 cm, 2200-2500 strains per acre; if cultivation late varieties, and take double pole pruning, plant spacing can be 43 -46 cm, about 1800 per mu. 3, colonization method Colonization should be selected in the sunny. For ease of management, seedlings should be classified and colonized. During the first half of planting, the seedlings should be poured with water once, so as to bring more soil and less root damage. The depth of colonization is appropriate at the level of the flat cotyledons, and the deep planting will affect the seedlings. If it is planting plastic film soil, the hole should be as small as possible. After planting, the planting hole should be sealed with a dome shape. The root water should be poured on the day of colonization; otherwise it will affect the survival rate.