January 20th is the Great Cold Solar Terms and the last solar term of the year. The severe cold season is the coldest period of the year in most parts of the country. The weather is freezing, heavy snow, windy weather, low temperature, short light hours, and more haze weather, which is not conducive to the growth and development of vegetable crops. Vegetable field farming activities are mainly the management and harvesting of vegetables in the solar greenhouse, the nursery of vegetables in protected and open fields in early spring next year, and the inspection and sale of stored vegetables.

Seeding and management of seedlings

Tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and other temperature-loving crops grown in spring greenhouses are cultivated in mid-to-late January; cucumbers, winter melons, pumpkins and other melons are sown from the end of January to early February. Tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and other solanaceous crops cultivated in spring greenhouses and hardy crops such as cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce, and lettuce cultivated in open-field mulching in early spring have all grown seedlings. Good temperature management is the key to the success or failure of seedlings. To promote healthy growth of seedlings, the standard is that the root system is developed, the stalk is strong, the cotyledons are intact, and there is no pests.

◆Temperature-loving crop seedlings in spring greenhouses: Tomatoes, eggplants, peppers and other temperature-loving crops grown in spring greenhouses are sown in mid-to-late January, and melon vegetables such as cucumbers, wax gourds, and pumpkins are sown from late January to early February, using sunlight and heat preservation Seedlings are grown in solar greenhouses with good performance. Tomatoes are selected from better-quality and disease-resistant "Golden Shed 11" varieties, 50-hole or 72-hole plastic plug trays or 6×6 cm nutrient bowls are used for seedlings, and melons are grown with 32-hole or Seedlings are grown in 50-hole plugs or 8×8 cm nutrient bowls, with peat and vermiculite as the substrate. If the ground temperature is lower than 15°C, a geothermal heating wire and a temperature controller should be installed to increase the ground temperature. Early-maturing, high-quality, and disease-resistant "Zhongnong 12" and other fine varieties of cucumbers in spring greenhouses should be selected. Soak the seeds in warm soup and medicament, choose to sow in sunny days, sow one sprout seed in each hole, and sow 2 seeds in 5-6 holes on the edge of each tray for replenishing seedlings; vigorously promote the method of grafting seedlings, Enhance the cold resistance and disease resistance of plants. Generally, cucumber seedlings are 40-50 days old, and tomato seedlings are 50-60 days old. They are planted in late March.

◆Cultivation of cold-resistant vegetables in open field In early spring, cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce and other crops cultivated with plastic mulching in open field are the best seedling sowing period in the middle of January, and lettuce and other crops are planted in late January and late March to early April. Use 72-hole or 128-hole plastic plug trays to raise seedlings, choose early-maturing and good-quality "Zhonggan 21" and other varieties, plant them one day in advance, and sown evenly after pouring plantar moisture. Remember that the night temperature of cabbage seedlings should not be lower than 13 ℃ for a long time, so as to avoid early bolting through the vernalization stage.

◆The management of the emergence of seedlings The temperature-loving crops such as tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and other vegetables grown in the solar greenhouse in early spring have been seeded in December last year. At this time, it is the seedling growth period, and the common seedbed seedling raising method has gradually entered the seedling stage. In terms of management, heat preservation and cold prevention should be carried out, and appropriate temperature and light should be adjusted. Pay particular attention to the night temperature not being too low. Tomato and cabbage should also be kept at a minimum of 13℃, otherwise long-term low temperature will affect the differentiation of flower buds and the appearance of deformed fruits, which will directly affect The quality and yield of future fruits. After the seedlings emerge, try to ensure strong light for the seedlings, adjust the appropriate temperature, and separate the temperature-loving crops such as tomatoes and cucumbers from the hardy crops such as lettuce and celery in different temperature areas. Change the position of the seedling tray every other week or so to make the seedlings grow evenly and make them more visible. At the same time, do the top dressing, watering and seedling division work. Watering and topdressing in time after seedling 2 leaves Yixin. At the same time, we must do a good job in the prevention and control of seedling diseases.

Daily management of winter vegetables in solar greenhouse

It is now a critical period for the management of temperature-loving vegetables such as cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants, and cold-resistant vegetables such as celery, lettuce, and radishes that grow through the winter. Cold weather, short sunshine time, low temperature and high humidity in the shed are not conducive to crop growth and flowering and fruit setting, and the growth rate after fruit setting is slow, so daily management should be strengthened.

◆Adjust the temperature, humidity and light to pay attention to the changes of the weather, do a good job of cold protection and heat preservation and increase light, try to avoid the formation of a humid and cold growth environment. First, scrub the shed film frequently to enhance the light transmittance, and conditionally install the fill light, and turn it on for 3~5 hours every day after putting the heat preservation quilt on to extend the light time; turn it on for 10~12 hours on a cloudy day to increase photosynthesis, which is beneficial Plants and fruits grow, but the prerequisite is that the temperature in the shed should be above 15 ℃ when the supplementary light is turned on to have an effect. The second is to do everything possible to increase the temperature in the shed, especially the ground temperature is particularly important. The ground temperature of 10 cm of temperature-loving vegetables such as tomatoes should be above 15 ℃, and cold-resistant crops such as celery should be above 12 ℃. The indoor temperature should be 23℃~28℃ in the morning for tomatoes and other temperature-loving crops on a sunny day, and the lowest temperature should be above 13℃ at night. Cold-resistant crops such as celery should be 20℃~22℃ and above 10℃ at night. The temperature can be increased by a number of measures such as two-layer mulching film and double-layer straw curtains in the shed; the third is to reduce the air humidity in the shed, especially if the humidity is too high at night, it is easy to be infected with diseases. It is mainly adjusted by increasing the indoor temperature and moderate ventilation. Even if it is cloudy, let the air out for a short time to drain the indoor moisture.

â—†Plant and fruit management timely pruning and cutting branches and vines around vines, topping when tomatoes grow to the predetermined ears, using continuous head changing to prolong the fruit setting of the plant, and remove the old leaves, yellow leaves and diseased leaves in the lower part; choose safe "high yield" "Ji No. 2" and "Guomyuning" regulators spray or dip flowers to assist in pollination to remove redundant flower buds and fruits; harvest them in time at the best commercial period to prevent excessive seedlings and affect the continued fruit setting.

â—†Scientific watering, fertilization and top dressing should be applied with drip irrigation with comprehensive nutrient and reasonable ratio of instant fertilizer, or nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium comprehensive humic acid organic liquid fertilizer can be applied with water, and different ratios of fertilizers should be applied according to different crops. For example, it is advisable to apply fertilizer with a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of 16:8:34 to tomatoes; set up a reservoir, water tank or bucket in the greenhouse to store enough water three days in advance, and then water after the water temperature rises. Note that it is advisable to irrigate frequently with small water, especially the vegetables in the greenhouse cannot be flooded with large water to prevent the sudden drop in ground temperature from affecting growth.

Special management of adverse weather

â—†Continuous cloudy and haze days. Continuous cloudy and haze days have a large adverse effect on the environment of the solar greenhouse, which is likely to cause weakening of the light, temperature and humidity in the greenhouse, and low light, low temperature and low humidity also cause greenhouse vegetables One of the main reasons for the high incidence of pests and diseases. Therefore, taking measures such as supplementing light, dehumidifying, and heating in continuous cloudy or haze weather is an important guarantee for the healthy growth of greenhouse vegetables in winter.

â—†Extreme cold weather In case of extreme cold weather, in order to avoid freezing damage to temperature-loving vegetables such as cucumbers and tomatoes, temporary heating measures can be taken, such as installing Yuba heat conversion bulbs, air heating wires, electric blast furnaces, heating combustion blocks and Fuel hot air stove, etc. to increase the indoor temperature.

◆In snowy days, when it is snowing, clear the snow on the front roof and the rear roof in time to prevent the snow from melting on the grass thatch or the insulation quilt to reduce its insulation effect. After the snow stops and when it is cloudy, the grass thatch can be opened around noon, so that the crop can receive scattered light, provided that the temperature in the greenhouse is above 12°C; the grass thatch should be separated by a block in the weather for long periods of overcast and sunny weather. Beat a piece, or roll up the heat preservation in half to prevent the plants from wilting due to excessive sunlight; topdressing, watering, pruning, fruit thinning and other agricultural operations are not allowed in snowy and cloudy days. For some greenhouses with large spans and poor skeleton firmness, the scaffolds should be supported and reinforced in time to prevent the sheds from collapsing when it snows.

Cold-resistant and quick-ripening vegetables in greenhouse

Transplanting and seeding

The rapeseed, chrysanthemum chrysanthemum, spinach, lettuce, cabbage, cherry radish and other fast-maturing vegetables grown in the solar greenhouse are the season for sowing and planting. It is necessary to apply 1,500 to 2,000 kg of fully decomposed and finely divided high-quality organic fertilizer, and finely prepare the ground, so that the ground is level, flat, and straight, and the surface soil is loose and there is no light and dark garbage. Chrysanthemum chrysanthemum, spinach, cherry radish, and Chinese cabbage should be planted directly. After watering the soles of water, the seeds are evenly sown, covered with a thin and thick soil, and covered with a layer of mulch to keep warm and moisturize, and withdraw 50% of the seedlings in time. Strengthen the management of the growth period, plant fresh and safe products to supply the spring off-season market.

Sales and management of stored vegetables

Chinese cabbage, radishes, carrots, celery and other stored vegetables must be refurbished and sold out of the cellar. The Chinese cabbage stored in the live cellar can be put on the market after refurbishment. The buried Chinese cabbage, celery, spinach, etc. should be gradually increased in temperature after being taken out of the cellar to warm up. Don't be placed in a high temperature environment immediately after being taken out of the cellar to quickly warm up to prevent lowering of commercial properties. Frequently check whether the storage temperature is appropriate and whether the insulation measures are appropriate. If the temperature is too low or too high, increase or decrease the thickness of the soil layer or insulation materials in time; the Chinese cabbage stored in the live cellar should be poured regularly and the yellow leaves and rotten leaves should be removed in time .

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