High-yielding cultivation techniques of American raisin
First, choose to plant 1. The selected land is selected for land formation with good traffic conditions, fertile land, sunny sunshine, abundant sunshine, and convenient irrigation. 2. Planting (1) Fertilizer: Dig the planting ditch by 80cm x 80cm, apply organic fertilizer such as farmyard manure, green manure and pig manure to the bottom of the ditch at a depth of 5000kg/667m2, backfill with a layer of loose soil, and then apply 100kg/kg. 667 square meters of ternary compound fertilizer or fruit compound fertilizer, can also apply ammonium bicarbonate 50kq, superphosphate 100kg, potassium sulfate 20kg per 667 square meters, after mixing the soil and fertilizer, and then dug the mature soil Groove, and slightly above the ground. (2) Selection of seedlings: Selection of rooted seedlings which have already developed healed tissue (or rooted), full (or sprouted) buds on the rooted seedling bed, and protected the roots of the seedlings with a damp cloth or wet rust to prevent dehydration or air drying. . (3) Reasonable dense planting: Make full use of land resources according to the degree of fertility of land and the management of fertilizer and water. Taking a single stand as an example, the planting size is generally 3m1m or 2m1m, with 222 plants and 333 plants respectively. (4) Transplantation time and method: Transplantation time is generally suitable for transplantation before and after Ching Ming. Transplantation method: In the center of the planting ditch, two heads and one positioning line, with a bamboo piece about 20cm long, close to the positioning line and digging and transplanting according to the planting specifications. When transplanting, the buds will be placed on the side of the sunny side. Longer plants can be planted close to the alignment line. After pouring enough water, cover the entire planting trench with a 90-cm-greater mulch and seal the membrane port with semi-dry fine soil. Second, seedling management Insect pest control seedlings should be sprayed once to prevent black soybean disease and white rot pesticides within 3 days after transplanting. Generally, 50% carbendazim is used as 800 times solution or 50% of thiram is applied as 700 times spray, after which every 7-10 days is sprayed. 1 time. It can also be used interchangeably with 70% thiophanate-methyl 800 times. If pests occur, they can be sprayed together with insecticides. 2. About 10 days after transplanting the watered seedlings, 10 cm thick soil under the membrane should be inspected, and watering should be determined according to wet and dry conditions. When watering, it should not be too much. The first and second watering should be dominated by small water. After the seedlings grow normally, they should be properly watered. 3. After the seedlings and seedlings have survived, the seedlings should be replanted in time according to the lack of seedlings, so as to ensure the simultaneous growth of seedlings in the whole garden. 4. After top dressing 20 days after transplanting, topdressing nitrogenous fertilizer with watering, 20cm away from seedling before watering, applying 15-20g urea per planting point, increasing 5g per plant afterwards, and changing dressing position in different azimuths of seedlings, Cover soil after fertilization. 5. When the seedlings grow to a certain height, 2 shoots per plant are used as the main vines, and 2 shoots are not enough. When the new shoots grow to 20 cm high, the main heart is removed, and 2 shoots are made to form the main vines. If there are two new shoots, but the strength is too obvious, then the weak one will be removed and the two main vines will be cultivated on the strong one to balance the nutrients. 6. Whenever the twigs grow to a certain wire height on the vine, they must remove the tendrils and twigs in time. Tied knots must hit trotters buckles, iron wire tie knots must be tight, and the branches of vines to leave room for 5-7cm, so that vines can grow freely and avoid wind damage. Branches are strictly forbidden on the ground to prevent infection. In addition, the main branch 50cm below the secondary tip to be erased, in the wiping of secondary shoots should pay attention to the protection of winter buds, toward the opposite direction of winter buds erased. If the plant appears prosperous, it is necessary to observe whether there are trace elements and supplement the trace elements required by the plant in time. Generally every 10-15d sprayed a single 600 times liquid Gao Mei Shi, after entering in July, combined with spraying, spray 500 times potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2-3 times. 7. When the main vine toss the heart, when the main vine grows to 1.2-1.5m high, it is necessary to promptly remove the main vine shoot tips to concentrate nutrients and promote tree maturation. After topping, it is necessary to apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in a timely manner, with 15kg of phosphate fertilizer and 5kg of potassium fertilizer per 667 square meters. In the place 25 cm away from the seedling, a 15 cm deep fertilization ditch was opened, and the soil was watered after fertilization. According to the growth of plants, timely check the dryness of the ground. Usually in the dry season, about 15d perfusion of water once, after each watering should be loose soil, to promote the growth of seedlings, the rainy season to remove waterlogging. Third, pest control 1. After the seedlings are planted, special precautions against the hazards of the ground tiger, badger, beetle, etc., can be used 50% phoxim emulsion 800 times, sprayed after 1 pm on sunny days. In order to achieve the goal of preventing black bean disease at the same time, spraying with 50% carbendazim 800 times solution can be used. 2. In addition to the prevention of white rot and black bean disease, the growth period of small seedlings, in addition to the changes of seasons and temperatures, should also be taken into consideration in the prevention and control of powdery mildew, downy mildew, cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, and cotton aphid. Spirit 1 000 times the liquid, the speed of extermination kill 1 000 times the liquid, omethoate 1000 times the same time spraying, can achieve the effect of insects, disease two governance. 3. Powdery mildew can be used 15% triadimefon 1000 times or 40% lenalione 1 000 times every 7-10d 1 application, alternately applied better. 4. Black bean disease can be applied alternately with 70% thiophanate-methyl 800-fold or 75% chlorothalonil 800-fold diluted 7-10 days. 5. Downy mildew can be applied alternately with 25% metalaxyl 700 times or 50% eutectic 800 times 7-10 days. Fourth, big seedling management Pruning in our area is short in time and nutrient return is not obvious. Attention should be paid to observing the tree body. Pruning should be carried out after the lowest temperature in the whole year when the injury flow is at a minimum, usually in the middle or early January of the Gregorian calendar. During pruning, the plants should be stratified on the surface of the shelf. The low branches should be cut at 50-40 cm, and the high branches should be cut at 70-80 cm. The cut diameter should be 1 cm, and less than 1 cm can be retracted. During pruning, ensure that there are 2 or more full eyes under the cut. In order to solve the problem of empty shelves, the strong branches next to the seedlings and weak seedlings can be long-sliced ​​and tied to solve the problem of insufficient shoots. 2. After the pruning of the Qingyuan Garden, all the debris, such as fallen leaves, weeds, and waste membranes in the garden were cleared out of the park and burned to kill the overwintering insects. 3. After spraying the disinfectant clearing garden, it is necessary to thoroughly disinfect the field heads, grape racks, trees, etc. of the whole garden once. It is possible to disinfect 5 Baumidedu lime sulfur plus 200 times sodium hypochlorite. 4. Plant Management (1) Topdressing Bud Fertilizer: Before sprouting, apply 20-20cm of Shiyuebagou from the plant 30-40cm away, apply 30kg of urea per 667m2, and timely cover soil and pour water once. (2) Wiping buds: According to the management principles of 1 year of cultivation, 2 years of fruiting, and 3 years of management of high-yield period, each of the 2 main branches of the second year will have 2 fruiting branches. Therefore, after germination, each main vine left two buds from the top to the bottom, eradicating unwanted buds and diploid buds in the low position to concentrate nutrients, supply trees, and promote budding. (3) Colonization: When the new shoot grows to about 10cm, it has been able to distinguish whether it has an inflorescence. At this time, we can select the new shoot with good inflorescence and cultivate the resulting branch. If the stand is empty, we can leave more branches. Generally speaking, it is more appropriate to hold 5 result branches on each shelf. (4) Bundle: When the new shoot grows to each iron wire, it is necessary to remove the tendril in time, and it is necessary to wipe out the useless sprout in time. The tied shoot should be tied up in time. (5) Sparse topping: In order to concentrate nutrient supply inflorescences, when the buds of inflorescences spread out, can distinguish the number of groups, that is, three or five days before flowering, the sparse flowers shall be timely, and the shalls and the deputy ears of the inflorescence shall be removed and removed. One-fifth of the apex of inflorescence, weak branches without inflorescences. Under normal circumstances, the strong branch leaves 2 inflorescences, the middle tree branch leaves a series of inflorescences, the second inflorescence under the auxiliary tips are all erased, leaving the top of a leaf topping, above the top of the 2 sub tips left 2-3 leaves topping, 1 The secondary tip left a leaf topping and all the secondary tips were removed after 3 times. (6) Dressing up the bulky fruit fertilizer: 15-20 days after flowering, timely fertilize the fertilization ditch with 15cm deep from 30-40cm from the seedling in the last fertilization, apply 20-30kg of compound fertilizer per 667m2, timely after application. Cover soil and water. (7) Thinning Fruit Bagging: When the fruit grows to the size of the bean, the small grains, deformed grains, diseased grains, and insect bite grains on the ear should be promptly removed. After rinsing the fruit, one sterilizing insecticide is sprayed, and the sterilized grape bag is used for the bagging. If the bag cannot be filled within 3 days after the spraying, the bag must be re-sprayed before spraying. The drug selection can be sprayed with 50% tuzet 800 times plus 800 times farmland. (8) Pest control. Always check, find the timely application of pests and diseases, drug selection and control methods can refer to the management of seedlings. 5. When the bag is opened and harvested, the bag should be opened 3 days ahead of time when it is fully ripe. However, the whole garden must be sprayed once before the bag is opened. Mature batches, open batches, pick a batch. When harvesting, use the left hand to grasp the handle, the right hand cut, gently put in the fruit box, according to different levels of special harvest, to minimize flipping, in order to increase the economic value of goods. Harvesting time should be carried out when there is no dew on the fruit surface, and it is forbidden to harvest on rainy days. 6. After harvesting, the management and harvesting shall be carried out in a timely manner with insecticidal and bactericidal agents for insecticide prevention. These measures can be combined with fertilization and watering.